Nurse-Neuroscience (CNRN) CE
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Nurse-Neuroscience (CNRN) Articles (348)
Featured Activities
Nurse-Neuroscience (CNRN) Activities
| Title | Description | Hours | Questions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abnormal Spontaneous Electromyographic Activity | The muscle is normally electrically silent outside the end-plate zone. Therefore, abnormal spontaneous activity is considered when there is the persis ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Absence Seizure | Absence seizures are brief seizures during which the patient is unresponsive. They are generally seen in children between 4 and 12 years of age. It ha ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 11 | Activity Info |
| Abulia | Abulia, also known as apathy, psychic akinesia, and athymia, refers to a lack of will, drive, or initiative for action, speech and thought, and is fel ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Acoustic Neuroma | Acoustic neuromas are tumors that develop from the sheath of Schwann cells. They tend to occupy the cerebellopontine angle and are usually found adjac ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 17 | Activity Info |
| Acromegaly | Acromegaly is a disorder caused by excessive growth hormone production from the anterior pituitary gland, resulting in excessive growth of body tissue ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 16 | Activity Info |
| Activities of Daily Living | Activities of daily living (ADLs) are essential and routine tasks that most young healthy individuals can perform without assistance. The inability to ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Acute Headache | Headache is a nearly universal complaint. Most headaches are benign, and the majority of patients can be safely treated and discharged with minimal wo ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Acute Stroke | Acute strokes, also known as cerebrovascular accidents, are broadly classified as either ischemic or hemorrhagic. Acute strokes result in loss of bloo ... Read the Article | 2 | 28 | Activity Info |
| Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage | Subarachnoid hemorrhages are true emergencies that demand prompt treatment. Subarachnoid hemorrhages result from a medical aneurysmal rupture or traum ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 10 | Activity Info |
| Adrenoleukodystrophy | Adrenoleukodystrophy is a peroxisomal disorder resulting from abnormal metabolism of the very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA). It is classified into di ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 13 | Activity Info |
| Ageusia | Ageusia is a symptom reflecting various underline pathological conditions. It is a rare condition that is characterized by complete loss of the taste ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Agnosia | Agnosia is a rare disorder whereby a patient is unable to recognize and identify objects, persons, or sounds using one or more of their senses despite ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 10 | Activity Info |
| Alexia | Alexia is a rare condition in which reading comprehension is nonexistent or significantly limited due to brain injury, damage, or trauma. It can be as ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Alteplase | Alteplase is a thrombolytic agent that is manufactured by recombinant DNA technology. It is FDA approved for use in acute ischemic stroke, pulmonary e ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Alzheimer Disease | Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of a decline in cognitive ability. It is a neurodegenerative disorder that usually affects people over ... Read the Article | 2 | 27 | Activity Info |
| Amaurosis Fugax | The term amaurosis fugax is often used interchangeably to describe transient visual loss (TVL). However, it is employed widely in medicine to refer to ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Amitriptyline | Amitriptyline is FDA approved medication to treat depression in adults. The Non-FDA approved indications are anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as “Lou Gehrig’s disease,” is a neurodegenerative disease of the motor neurons. This activity reviews ... Read the Article | 1.75 | 22 | Activity Info |
| Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB) | Pharmaceutical RAAS blockade is a common and successful strategy in treating several diseases, including hypertension, congestive heart failure, and c ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Anisocoria | Anisocoria is a condition characterized by unequal pupil size. The etiology of anisocoria is complex, ranging from benign to potentially life-threaten ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Anosmia | Anosmia is the inability to perceive smell/odor. It can be temporary or permanent and acquired or congenital. There are many causes. Neurological caus ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Anosognosia | Anosognosia is a neurological condition in which the patient is unaware of their neurological deficit or psychiatric condition. It is associated with ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Anoxic Encephalopathy | Anoxic encephalopathy, or hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, is a process that begins with the cessation of cerebral blood flow to brain tissue, which mos ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 16 | Activity Info |
| Anterior Cerebral Artery Stroke | Anterior cerebral artery stokes occur in the territory of the anterior cerebral artery which involve the superior and medial part of the parietal lobe ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 9 | Activity Info |
| Anterior Cord Syndrome | Anterior cord syndrome is an incomplete cord syndrome that predominantly affects the anterior 2/3 of the spinal cord, characteristically resulting in ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Anticholinergic Medications | Anticholinergic medications are used in the management and treatment of a wide range of diseases. This activity illustrates the indications, action, ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 10 | Activity Info |
| Aphasia | Aphasia is an impairment of language caused by damage to the language area of the brain, primarily Broca and Wernicke areas. Injury to the brain can b ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 9 | Activity Info |
| Argyll Robertson Pupil | Argyll Robertson pupil describes the physical exam finding of bilaterally small pupils that do not constrict when exposed to bright light but do const ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Arteriovenous Malformation Of The Brain | Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are a developmental anomaly of the vascular system, consisting of tangles of poorly formed blood vessels in which t ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Arteriovenous Malformations | Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are abnormal fistulas between arteries and veins without an intervening capillary bed. High arterial flow directly ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Aseptic Meningitis | Aseptic meningitis is an umbrella term for all of the causes of inflammation of the brain meninges that have negative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bacter ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Aspiration Risk | Aspiration is common, even in healthy patients. Aspiration can have significant morbidity and mortality in certain circumstances. It is categorized ba ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Astrocytoma | Astrocytoma originates in astrocytes, which are a kind of glial cells in the cerebrum which are star-shaped. It is the most common glioma, usually aff ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Ataxia Telangiectasia | Ataxia telangiectasia (Louis-Bar Syndrome) is a rare autosomal recessive condition characterized by cutaneous telangiectasias, cerebellar atrophy with ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 13 | Activity Info |
| Athetoid Cerebral Palsy | Athetoid cerebral palsy, also known as dyskinetic cerebral palsy, is the second most common subtype of cerebral palsy. It is a non-progressive, perman ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Atrial Fibrillation | Atrial fibrillation is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia. It is the leading cardiac cause of stroke. Risk factors for atrial fibrillation inc ... Read the Article | 2 | 29 | Activity Info |
| Atrial Septal Defect | Atrial septal defect (ASD) is one of the most common types of congenital heart defects, occurring in about 25% of children. An atrial septal defect oc ... Read the Article | 1.75 | 23 | Activity Info |
| Autism Spectrum Disorder | Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of rapidly growing disabilities. They are characterized by repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or ... Read the Article | 1.75 | 21 | Activity Info |
| Autonomic Dysfunction | The autonomic nervous system (ANS) includes all regions implicated in the control of autonomic, unconscious, and involuntary functions in total body h ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Autonomic Dysreflexia | Autonomic dysreflexia is a condition that emerges after a spinal cord injury, usually when the injury has occurred above the T6 level. The higher the ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Axonotmesis | This activity reviews the etiology, epidemiology, anatomy, physiology, and prognosis of peripheral nerve injury with a particular focus on axonotmesis ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Babinski Reflex | The Babinski reflex was described by the neurologist Joseph Babinski in 1899. Since that time, it has been incorporated into the standard neurological ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Back Pain | Back pain is one of the most common causes for patients to seek emergency care. It has a broad range of potential etiologies for both adult and pediat ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 16 | Activity Info |
| Baclofen | Baclofen is used to treat muscle spasticity; it is FDA-approved for the management of reversible spasticity, particularly for the relief of flexor spa ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Barbiturates | Barbiturates are a group of sedative-hypnotic medications used for the treatment of seizure disorder, neonatal withdrawal, insomnia, preoperative anxi ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Basilar Artery Infarct | The basilar artery (BA) is formed over the surface of pons by two vertebral arteries to supply the critical areas of the brain and brainstem. Anatomic ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Basilar Artery Thrombosis | The basilar artery is formed by the convergence of the vertebral arteries at the junction of the pons and medulla. It provides oxygen-rich blood to th ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Battle Sign | Battle Sign is bruising over the mastoid process that is typically the result of head trauma. Battle sign typically requires significant head trauma a ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Bell Palsy | Bell palsy is the most common peripheral paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve with an onset that is rapid and unilateral. This is an idiopathic cond ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 15 | Activity Info |
| Benedikt Syndrome | Benedikt syndrome is an eponymously named neurological condition secondary to specific damage in the midbrain that causes ipsilateral oculomotor nerve ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Benzodiazepines | Benzodiazepines are especially important in the cessation of seizure activity, as 1% to 2% of emergency department visits annually in the United State ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Benztropine | Benztropine is FDA approved as adjunctive therapy for all forms of parkinsonism. It is also used for drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms and the prev ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Berry Aneurysm | Berry (saccular) aneurysms are the most common type of intracranial aneurysm, representing 90% of cerebral aneurysms. Generally speaking, there is a b ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Blindness | The term blindness is a general term that can include those with low vision and legal blindness. Low vision is a term used to describe those whose vis ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Blunt Head Trauma | Traumatic Brain Injury is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, with an annual occurrence of more than 1.5 million. Fal ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Botulinum Toxin | Botulinum toxin is a medication used in the management and treatment of therapeutic and cosmetic purposes. Therapeutic uses include chronic migraine, ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 9 | Activity Info |
| Brain Death | Brain death is both a legal and clinical term. The term has been present in medical literature and texts for many years as part of the National Confer ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Brain Herniation | Brain herniation, also called brain code, requires early diagnosis and prompt management in order to prevent irreversible pathological cascades that e ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Brain Metastasis | Brain metastases are a common complication of cancer and the most common type of brain tumor. Anywhere from 10% to 26% of patients who die from their ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 9 | Activity Info |
| Brain Trauma | Brain trauma or traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from a blow, bump, jolt, or penetrating injury to the head that disrupts the normal function of t ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 14 | Activity Info |
| Broca Aphasia | Broca’s aphasia is a non-fluent aphasia in which the output of spontaneous speech is markedly diminished and there is a loss of normal grammatical str ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Bromocriptine | Bromocriptine is a medication currently used in the management and treatment of Type II diabetes mellitus. It is an ergot alkaloid derivative in the d ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Brown Sequard Syndrome | Brown-Séquard syndrome is a neurologic syndrome resulting from hemisection of the spinal cord. It manifests with weakness or paralysis and propriocept ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Butterbur | Butterbur (derived from the leaves of Petasites japonicus) is an herbal supplement that has been found to be effective in the prophylaxis of adult mig ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Caffeine Withdrawal | Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class and is one of the most widely used drugs in the world. Unlike other p ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Caloric Testing | Caloric testing is a useful clinical tool that can assess and quantify the functional status of the individual vestibular systems. The test utilizes t ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Cannabidiol (CBD) | CBD is a medication used in the management and treatment of the seizure disorders Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome. This activity describes ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Carbamazepine Toxicity | Carbamazepine is a commonly prescribed agent for focal epilepsy and other nonepileptic conditions such as neuropathic pain, schizophrenia, and bipolar ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Carbidopa | Carbidopa is a medication used in the management and treatment of Parkinson disease (PD). It is in the decarboxylase inhibitor class of drugs. This ac ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Cardiac Syncope | Syncope, a sudden, transient loss of consciousness and postural tone, is a phenomenon estimated to affect 30% to 40% of the population, and those numb ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Cardioembolic Stroke | An estimated 26 million people suffer a stroke each year, making it a significant source of mortality and long-term disability. Up to two-thirds of st ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Carotid Artery Dissection | Carotid artery dissection is a condition whereby the layers of the carotid artery are spontaneously separated. This potentially compromises blood flow ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 9 | Activity Info |
| Carotid Artery Stenosis | The distinction between hemodynamic and embolic stroke in the setting of chronic internal carotid artery occlusion is important. Embolic symptoms are ... Read the Article | 1.75 | 20 | Activity Info |
| Cataplexy | Cataplexy, a physical feature of narcolepsy, is characterized by transient episodes of voluntary muscle weakness precipitated by intense emotion. Subj ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Cauda Equina And Conus Medullaris Syndromes | Cauda equina and conus medullaris syndromes have overlap in anatomy and clinical presentation. The cauda equina is a group of nerves and nerve roots s ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Cavernous Sinus Aneurysm | Cavernous sinus aneurysms are most common in the elderly population and often present with an indolent ophthalmoplegia. The morbidity of these aneurys ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis | Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is a rare, life-threatening disorder that can complicate facial infection, sinusitis, orbital cellulitis, pharyngitis ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Central Cord Syndrome | Central cord syndrome is the most common type of incomplete cord injury and almost always occurs due to a traumatic injury. It results in motor defici ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Central Pontine Myelinolysis | Central pontine myelinolysis is a rare neurologic condition most frequently caused by the rapid correction of hyponatremia. This activity reviews the ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 10 | Activity Info |
| Central Vertigo | Central vertigo is a clinical condition in which an individual experiences the sensation of motion despite remaining still. It results from a dysfunct ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Cerebellar Dysfunction | The cerebellum maintains our coordination and balance. Cerebellar dysfunction causes difficulty with coordination, imbalance, and gait disorders. Poss ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Cerebellar Hematoma | Cerebellar hemorrhage or hematoma is a type of intracranial hemorrhage in which the bleeding is located in the posterior fossa or cerebellum. This con ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Cerebellopontine Angle Cancer | The cerebellopontine angle (CPA) is an important landmark anatomically and clinically. The most common lesions at the CPA are vestibular schwannoma, m ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Cerebral Aneurysm | Cerebral aneurysms are defined as dilations that occur at weak points along the arterial circulation within the brain. The majority of cerebral aneury ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 17 | Activity Info |
| Cerebral Edema | The most basic definition of cerebral edema is swelling of the brain. It is a relatively common phenomenon with numerous etiologies. Cerebral edema c ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Cerebral Ischemia | Cerebral ischemia is a common mechanism of acute brain injury that results from impaired blood flow to the brain. Cerebral ischemia represents a medic ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Cerebral Palsy | Cerebral palsy is a group of permanent disorders affecting the development of movement and causing a limitation of activity. Non-progressive disturban ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 11 | Activity Info |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak | Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear protein- and glucose-rich liquid in the subarachnoid space of the central nervous system. It is found in the vent ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Cerebrovascular Disease | A stroke, or cerebrovascular accident, is an emergency medical condition characterized by an acute compromise of the cerebral perfusion or vasculature ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Cervical Disc Herniation | Cervical disc herniation is a common cause of neck pain in adults. The severity of the disease can range from mild to severe, and even life-threatenin ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 9 | Activity Info |
| Cervical Injury | Cervical spine injuries, although uncommon, can result in significant and long-term disability. The cervical spine encompasses seven vertebrae and ser ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Cervical Radiculopathy | Neck pain is widespread and causes significant pain and disability. Workers with a history of neck pain account for up to 40% of work absenteeism. In ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 16 | Activity Info |
| Cervical Spondylosis | Cervical spondylosis is a natural age-related disease process that is associated with degenerative changes within the intervertebral disc. It most com ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 9 | Activity Info |
| Cervical Sprain | The term "whiplash" injury was first coined by Harold Crowe in 1928 to define acceleration-deceleration injuries occurring to the cervical spine or ne ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Change In Mental Status | Altered mental status is a common presentation. It is important to recognize the early signs of altered mental status, identify the underlying cause, ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Chiari I Malformation | Arnold-Chiari 1 malformation, otherwise known as the Chiari 1 malformation, is the more common variant of the Chiari malformations, defined as a spect ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Child Development | The stages through which a child goes through from birth until he or she becomes an adult is child development. Children are first newborns, and durin ... Read the Article | 3.25 | 60 | Activity Info |
| Childhood Brain Tumors | Pediatric brain tumors are the most common type of solid childhood cancer and only second to leukemia as a cause of pediatric malignancies. They are c ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Chlorpromazine | Chlorpromazine is a medication used in the management and treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and acute psychosis. It is in the category of ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Choking | Choking or foreign body airway obstruction occurs when an object partially or completely obstructs the passage of air exchange between the upper airwa ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Cholinergic Medications | Cholinergic medications are a category of pharmaceutical agents that act upon the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the primary neurotransmitter within ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 12 | Activity Info |
| Chorea | According to the Committee on Classification of the World Federation of Neurology, chorea is defined as "a state of excessive, spontaneous movements, ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Chorioretinitis | Chorioretinitis is a type of uveitis affecting the posterior segment of the eye. It is a vision-threatening condition that is associated with many sys ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Chronic Headaches | Chronic headaches are headaches that occur for at least 15 days of a month for at least three months. There are a variety of causes and ways to manage ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 9 | Activity Info |
| Chronic Insomnia | Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder in the United States affecting about one-third of the general population. According to the third edition of ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy | Sports-related traumatic brain injury (TBI) has become increasingly popular in the scientific literature over the past few decades. However, the first ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Clonus | Clonus is a rhythmic oscillating stretch reflex that is related to upper motor neuron lesions. Therefore, clonus is generally accompanied by hyperrefl ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Cluster Headache | Cluster headaches are the most common of the primary headache type known as trigeminal autonomic cephalgia. They are fairly rare, plaguing 0.1% of the ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 12 | Activity Info |
| CNS Lymphoma | Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is an extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is a rare entity and involves the central nervous system (CN ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Cognitive Deficits | Cognition is the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses. It encompasses various ... Read the Article | 1.75 | 19 | Activity Info |
| Coma | Altered mental status is a catch-all term that includes a spectrum of patient behaviors ranging from confusion to deep unresponsiveness. Coma is at on ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Complex Partial Seizure | Complex partial seizures, also known as focal impaired awareness seizures or focal onset impaired awareness seizures, refers to focal seizures that st ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Conduction Aphasia | Conduction aphasia is a rare form of aphasia in which both expression and comprehension remain intact, but the patient shows an isolated impairment in ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy | Congenital myotonic dystrophy (CMD) is an autosomal dominant neuromuscular disorder with multisystem involvement. It is a subtype of myotonic dystroph ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 10 | Activity Info |
| Conversion Disorder | Conversion disorder is a psychiatric disorder characterized by signs and symptoms affecting sensory or motor function that are inconsistent with patte ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Cortical Blindness | Cortical blindness is an important cause of blindness due to damage to the occipital cortex. It is commonly associated with posterior circulation stro ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Cough | Cough is one of the most common medical complaints accounting for as many as 30 million clinical visits per year. Up to 40% of these complaints result ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 12 | Activity Info |
| Decerebrate And Decorticate Posturing | Decorticate and decerebrate posturing are abnormal posturing responses typically to noxious stimuli. They involve stereotypical movements of the trunk ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Delirium Tremens | Alcohol abuse is a common condition that has been associated with severe impairments in social functioning and medical problems. As high as 20% of the ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Delusions | Delusions can precipitate in isolation or as psychiatric sequelae of ongoing disease. Delusions must be appropriately identified and managed as they c ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Dementia | Dementia describes an overall decline in memory and other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person's ability to perform everyday activities. I ... Read the Article | 1.75 | 25 | Activity Info |
| Depressive Cognitive Disorders | Depressive cognitive disorders, also called pseudodementia (a term founded by Kiloh in the year 1961), is defined as the cognitive and functional impa ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Diffuse Axonal Injury | Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that results from a blunt injury to the brain. In the United States, traumatic b ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Diffuse Toxic Goiter | Goiter is an anatomical enlargement of the thyroid gland. It can be related with thyroid dysfunction or have normal thyroid function. This activity re ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Disc Herniation | A herniated disc is a condition affecting the spine in which the annulus fibrosus is damaged enabling the nucleus pulposus (which is normally located ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 10 | Activity Info |
| Dopamine Agonists | Dopamine agonists are used in patients with Parkinson disease. Dopamine agonists such as ropinirole, are the first-line treatment for restless legs sy ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Dyslexia | Reading is a skill unique to humans and is crucial for living in the world today. Learning to read is one of the first teaching points of elementary s ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Dysphagia | Dysphagia is defined as objective impairment or difficulty in swallowing, resulting in an abnormal delay in the transit of a liquid or solid bolus. Th ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 13 | Activity Info |
| Dystonia | Dystonia is defined by involuntary maintained contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles yielding abnormal posturing, twisting and repetitive movem ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Dystonic Reactions | An acute dystonic reaction is characterized by involuntary contractions of muscles of the extremities, face, neck, abdomen, pelvis, or larynx in eithe ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 10 | Activity Info |
| Edrophonium | Edrophonium is a medication used in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It is in the acetylcholinesterase class of drugs. This activity reviews the in ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Electrical Status Epilepticus In Sleep | Electrical status epilepticus in sleep (ESES), a childhood-onset epileptic encephalopathy, is characterized by epilepsy, cognitive regression, and mar ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Electroencephalogram | An electroencephalogram (EEG) is an essential tool that studies the brain's electrical activity. Despite the development of more advanced imaging tech ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Embolic Stroke | Embolic stroke is one of the most common causes of mortality and morbidity all over the world. To avoid the high morbidity and mortality associated wi ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Encephalopathic EEG Patterns | Electroencephalography (EEG) is useful in evaluating patients with acute and chronic encephalopathies. The primary role is in differentiating the cond ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| End of Life Care | Unlike other conditions and life experiences, which only affect a certain percentage of the world’s population, the end-of-life is a stage in the proc ... Read the Article | 2.5 | 36 | Activity Info |
| Epidural | This activity reviews epidural analgesia and anesthesia and highlights used medications, indications, contraindications, uses, and techniques. It ment ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Epidural Abscess | An epidural abscess is an infection within the epidural space anywhere in the brain or spinal cord. Epidural abscesses occur as a result of infections ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 9 | Activity Info |
| Epidural Hematoma | An epidural hematoma (EDH) is an extra-axial collection of blood within the potential space between the outer layer of the dura mater and the inner ta ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 10 | Activity Info |
| Ergotamine/Caffeine | The combination of ergotamine and caffeine is a medication used in the management and treatment of acute migraines. It is in the ergot alkaloid class ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 9 | Activity Info |
| Essential Tremor | Tremors are the most common movement disorder, and essential tremor is the most common neurologic cause of postural or action tremor. It usually prese ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Facial Nerve Palsy | Facial nerve palsies are a common and essential presentation specifically to ear, nose, and throat (ENT) surgeons but also in general medical practice ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Febrile Seizure | Febrile seizures are seizures that are caused by a sudden spike in body temperature with fevers greater than 38C or 100.4F, with no other underlying s ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Feeding Tube | Feeding tubes are tubes inserted into the gastrointestinal tract to provide a patient with enteral nutrition or for decompression. Tubes come in a var ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Friedreich Ataxia | Friedreich ataxia is an inherited disease affecting the nervous system, which produces progressive ataxia, weakness, and sensory deficits. It is inher ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Frontal Lobe Syndrome | Frontal lobe syndrome, in general, refers to a clinical syndrome resulting from damage, and impaired function of the prefrontal cortex, which is a lar ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Gait Disturbances | Gait disturbances are described as any deviations from normal walking or gait. These disturbances stem from numerous etiologies. Due to their differen ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure | This activity reviews generalized tonic-clonic seizures. A generalized tonic-clonic seizure, formerly known as grand mal seizure, is defined as a seiz ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Geriatric Head Injury | Elderly patients with head trauma represent a large proportion of patients seeking medical attention. There are special considerations and challenges ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Glasgow Coma Scale | The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is used to objectively describe the extent of impaired consciousness in all types of acute medical and trauma patients. T ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Glatiramer | Glatiramer is an immunomodulator used in the treatment and management of multiple sclerosis. Its mechanism is not clearly understood, but it appears t ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Gliomas | Glioma is the most common form of central nervous system (CNS) neoplasm that originates from glial cells. In the United States, there are six cases of ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Guillain Barre Syndrome | Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is a rare but serious post-infectious immune-mediated neuropathy. It results from the autoimmune destruction of nerves i ... Read the Article | 1.75 | 19 | Activity Info |
| Haloperidol | Haloperidol is a first-generation (typical) antipsychotic that is a commonly used drug worldwide. Haloperidol is used for positive symptoms of schizop ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Hand Hygiene | Handwashing practices in the patient care setting began in the early 19th century. The practice evolved over the years with evidential proof of its va ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Head Trauma | Traumatic brain injury (TBI) due to head trauma is a common presentation in emergency departments and usually accounts for more than one million visit ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 10 | Activity Info |
| Hemianopsia | Hemianopsia (hemianopia) is a clinical term used to describe the loss of one half of a vertical visual field. A careful history and physical examinati ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Hemiplegic Migraine | A hemiplegic migraine is a rare form of migraine in which the migraine headache attack is accompanied by unilateral weakness. Typically, migraine aura ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Hemorrhagic Stroke | Hemorrhagic stroke is due to bleeding into the brain by the rupture of a blood vessel. Hemorrhagic stroke may be further subdivided into intracerebral ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 10 | Activity Info |
| Herpes Simplex Encephalitis | Herpes simplex encephalitis is caused by Herpes Simplex Virus type 1(HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-1 causes encephalitis in children beyond the neonat ... Read the Article | 1.75 | 18 | Activity Info |
| HIV-1 Encephalopathy And Aids Dementia Complex | Neurocognitive deficits are the presenting complaint in 4 to 15 percent of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV-associated neurocogni ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Huntington Disease | Huntington disease (HD), a neurodegenerative autosomal dominant disorder, is characterized by involuntary choreatic movements with cognitive and behav ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 16 | Activity Info |
| Hydrocephalus | Hydrocephalus is the symptomatic accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid inside the cerebral ventricles. It has complex pathogenesis and different causes. ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 12 | Activity Info |
| Hyperkalemia | Hyperkalemia is defined as a serum or plasma potassium level above the upper limits of normal, usually greater than 5.0 mEq/L to 5.5 mEq/L. While mild ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 13 | Activity Info |
| Hyperprolactinemia | When the amount of serum prolactin exceeds the upper limit, we call it hyperprolactinemia. The common causes of hyperprolactinemia can be physiologica ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 9 | Activity Info |
| Hypnic Headache | Hypnic headaches are a primary headache disorder that presents in the elderly population and usually wakes people up from sleep. It is not very common ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Hypoglycemia | Hypoglycemia is often defined by a plasma glucose concentration below 70 mg/dL; however, signs and symptoms may not occur until plasma glucose concent ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 16 | Activity Info |
| Hyponatremia | Hyponatremia is defined as a serum sodium concentration of less than 135 mEq/L but can vary to a small extent in different laboratories. Hyponatremia ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 11 | Activity Info |
| Hypothermia | Accidental hypothermia occurs when the body dissipates more heat than it absorbs or creates, leaving the body unable to generate sufficient heat to ma ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 16 | Activity Info |
| Hypoxic Brain Injury | The brain consumes a significant amount of energy compared to its weight and size. The term "anoxia" refers to the complete lack of oxygen delivery to ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy | A seizure can be defined as abnormal, hypersynchronous discharge of cortical neurons, and epilepsy defined as a propensity to have seizures. Idiopathi ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Implantable Loop Recorder | Ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring is an invaluable tool to assist in diagnosing certain cardiac conditions. There are a variety of ambulat ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Increased Intracranial Pressure | The pressure in the cranial vault is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and is normally less than 20 mm Hg. The cranium is a rigid structure ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 10 | Activity Info |
| Intention Tremor | An intention, rubral, cerebellar, or course tremor is defined as a rhythmic, oscillatory, and high amplitude tremor during a directed and purposeful m ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Intracerebral Hemorrhage | This activity aims to outline the pathophysiology, risk factors, presentation diagnosis, and complications of intracerebral hemorrhages. This activity ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Intracranial Hemorrhage | Intracranial hemorrhage encompasses four broad types of hemorrhage: epidural hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and intraparenc ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 15 | Activity Info |
| Intracranial Hypertension | Intracranial hypertension is a spectrum of neurological disorders where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure within the skull is elevated. Normal CSF pr ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 12 | Activity Info |
| Intracranial Hypotension | Intracranial hypotension (ICH) is defined as a CSF pressure less than 60 mm H2O and generally causes a postural headache in patients with the conditio ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Intracranial Pressure Monitoring | This activity outlines the current recommendations for ICP monitoring and reviews the role of current invasive and noninvasive methods of monitoring. ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Ischemic Stroke | Cerebrovascular accidents, commonly known as strokes, are prevalent across patient populations and can be a significant cause of morbidity and mortali ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 11 | Activity Info |
| Lacunar Stroke | Lacunar stroke is a common stroke with significant morbidity and mortality. Advancement in knowledge about modifying risk factors and early diagnosis ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 10 | Activity Info |
| Laminectomy | Laminectomy is one of the most common procedures to decompress spinal canal in cases of narrowing secondary to a variety of conditions such as degener ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Lateral Medullary Syndrome | Lateral medullary syndrome results from a vascular event in the lateral part of the medulla oblongata. The arteries commonly involved in lateral medul ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Latex Allergy | Latex comes from a sap found in rubber trees, Hevea brasiliensis, which is used to make many products used today. It is allergenic and causes symptoms ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Levetiracetam | Levetiracetam is a novel, antiepileptic drug used in the treatment of partial seizures, myoclonic seizures, and tonic-clonic seizures. In 2000, the FD ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Levodopa (L-Dopa) | Levodopa is the precursor to dopamine. Most commonly, clinicians use levodopa as a dopamine replacement agent for the treatment of Parkinson's disease ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Locked-in Syndrome | Locked-in syndrome is a condition where a person experiences quadriplegia and bulbar palsy due to damage in the brainstem. Cognition and vertical eye ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Lorazepam | Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine medication commonly used as the sedative and anxiolytic of choice in the inpatient setting owing to its fast (1 to 3 min ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Lumbar Puncture | The lumbar puncture is a diagnostic procedure in the diagnosis of meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and certain neurological disorders. It is also ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Lumbar Spinal Stenosis | Lumbar spinal stenosis is a common source of leg and back pain. It refers to a narrowing in the vertebra, in the areas of the central canal, lateral ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Lumbosacral Radiculopathy | Low back pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal complaints encountered in clinical practice. It is the leading cause of disability in the deve ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Toxicity | D-lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD, is a prominent hallucinogenic drug of abuse that can produce profound, dose-dependent subjective effects in thos ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Magnesium Toxicity | Magnesium toxicity is commonly caused by the overuse of magnesium-containing medication or under-excretion of magnesium by the kidneys. Early recognit ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Malar Rash | Malar rash, also named a butterfly rash, is a common facial presentation of multiple disorders. It is characterized by an erythematous flat or raised ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Malaria | Malaria is a parasitic infection transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito that leads to acute life-threatening disease and poses a significant global hea ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 12 | Activity Info |
| Mannitol | Mannitol can be used for the reduction of intracranial pressure and brain mass, to reduce intraocular pressure if this is not achievable by other mean ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 11 | Activity Info |
| Marcus Gunn Pupil | Marcus Gunn pupil is indicative of a defect in the afferent pathway of the light reflex. To avoid the high morbidity associated with this condition, i ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Medial Medullary Syndrome | Medial medullary syndrome is a form of stroke that affects the medial medulla of the brain. It is usually caused by atherothrombotic occlusion of para ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Medication Overuse Induced Headache | Medication overuse headache (MOH) is thought to occur when medications intended to relieve headaches are consumed too frequently. Causal agents are va ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Medication-overuse Headache | Medication-overuse headaches (MOH), also known as analgesic rebound headaches, drug-induced headaches, or medication-misuse headaches, are a common ne ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Melatonin | Synthetic melatonin is a dietary supplement. The FDA does not regulate supplements. Therefore, melatonin is not officially FDA-approved for any indica ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 10 | Activity Info |
| Meniere Disease | Meniere disease is an inner ear disorder characterized by tinnitus, vertigo and hearing loss. This is thought to occur due to the accumulation of endo ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 9 | Activity Info |
| Meningitis | In spite of breakthroughs in diagnosis, treatment, and vaccination, in 2015 there were 8.7 million reported cases of meningitis worldwide with 379,000 ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 11 | Activity Info |
| Meningocele | Meningocele is one of the common congenital neural tube defects. Meningocele is the simplest form of open neural tube defects characterized by cystic ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 10 | Activity Info |
| Methylprednisolone | Methylprednisolone is an FDA-approved medication for the management and treatment of allergic conditions, arthritis, asthma exacerbations, long-term a ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Midazolam | Intravenous midazolam is used for the induction of anesthesia and also in the management of acute seizures. Because of its water-soluble nature, midaz ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke | The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is the most common artery involved in acute stroke. It branches directly from the internal carotid artery and consist ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Migraine Headache | Migraine is a genetically influenced complex disorder characterized by episodes of moderate-to-severe headache, most often unilateral and generally as ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 12 | Activity Info |
| Migraine Medications | This activity will review treatments for acute migraines and migraine prophylaxis. It will highlight various classes of medications and their mechanis ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 10 | Activity Info |
| Migraine Prophylaxis | Recurrent migraines can be functionally disabling and can impair quality of life. After the treatment of acute migraines, all migraine patients should ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Migraine with Aura | Migraine is one of the common types of headache disorders affecting approximately 12% of the general population. Timely diagnosis is essential to avoi ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Migraine-Associated Vertigo | Patients often describe vertigo as the sensation of motion that occurs in the absence of motion or an altered sensation of motion that occurs with nor ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Modafinil | Modafinil is a non-amphetamine central nervous system (CNS) stimulant with wakefulness-promoting properties. It is used in the treatment of conditions ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Multiple Sclerosis | Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by chronic inflammation, demyelination, gliosis, an ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 9 | Activity Info |
| Muscle Contraction Tension Headache | Tension-type headache (TTH) is the most common type of primary headaches. It is also sometimes referred to as muscle contraction headache, stress head ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 10 | Activity Info |
| Myasthenia Gravis | Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction. It manifests as a generalized muscle weakness which can involve the ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 17 | Activity Info |
| Myoclonus | Myoclonus is defined as rapid, brief, jerky, or shock-like movements involving muscle or group of muscles. Among all hyperkinetic movement disorders, ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Narcolepsy | Narcolepsy is a disorder of rapid onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), frequent uncontrollable sl ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 9 | Activity Info |
| Natalizumab | Natalizumab is an FDA-approved, monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease. The drug was originally appr ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 11 | Activity Info |
| Neonatal Meningitis | Bacterial meningitis during the neonatal period remains a highly devastating condition, with a morbidity rate of 20 to 60 percent. The nationwide mort ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Neonatal Seizure | Neonatal seizures are a commonly encountered neurologic condition in neonates. They are defined as the occurrence of sudden, paroxysmal, abnormal alte ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 14 | Activity Info |
| Nephrotoxic Medications | Numerous drugs used in the management and treatment of multiple diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, and other pathologies, are nephrotoxic. Th ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Neurapraxia | Neurapraxia is the mildest form of peripheral nerve injury commonly induced by focal demyelination or ischemia. In neurapraxia, the conduction of nerv ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome | Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a life-threatening syndrome associated with the use of dopamine-receptor antagonist medications or with rapid ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 11 | Activity Info |
| Neuropathy | About 2.4 percent of the population is affected by peripheral neuropathy. The prevalence increases to 8 percent in older populations. Peripheral neuro ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 11 | Activity Info |
| Neurosarcoidosis | Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease that results in the formation of granulomas which classically are non-caseating granulomas, that may be found throug ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Neurosyphilis | With the advent of antibiotics, neurosyphilis became a rare diagnosis. However, syphilis has recently made a resurgence because untreated neurosyphili ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 9 | Activity Info |
| Nimodipine | Nimodipine is a second-generation 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It was initially invented for the management of systemic hypertension. ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea | Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by episodes of complete collapse of the airway or partial collapse with an associated decrease in oxyge ... Read the Article | 1.75 | 23 | Activity Info |
| Occipital Neuralgia | Occipital neuralgia (ON) is a painful condition affecting the posterior head in the distributions of the greater occipital nerve (GON), lesser occipit ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Olecranon Bursa Aspiration | In its normal state, the olecranon bursa is a small fluid-filled subcutaneous sac which overlies the olecranon process in the elbow. Olecranon bursa s ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Opioid Analgesics | Opioids are a class of medication used in the management and treatment of pain. This activity outlines the indications, action, and contraindications ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 13 | Activity Info |
| Opioid Toxicity | Opioids and opiates together comprise a class of medications widely used primarily to control severe pain. If first-line agents are not effective in c ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 15 | Activity Info |
| Optic Neuritis | This activity describes the evaluation and management of optic neuritis and details the role of the interprofessional team in managing patients with t ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Orthostatic Hypotension | Orthostatic hypotension is defined as a sudden drop in blood pressure upon standing from a sitting or supine position. Clinically, this is diagnosed b ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 16 | Activity Info |
| Pain Assessment | There are multiple tools used to help assess a patient's pain. These tools can be used to assess multiple types of pain, ranging from nociceptive pain ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 10 | Activity Info |
| Parkinson Disease | Parkinson disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that mostly presents in later life with generalized slowing of movements (bradykinesia) and at least ... Read the Article | 1.75 | 22 | Activity Info |
| Parkinsonism | Parkinsonism is a motor syndrome that manifests as rigidity, tremors, and bradykinesia. Parkinsonism is caused by Parkinson disease in about eighty pe ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 9 | Activity Info |
| Patient Restraint and Seclusion | Patient restraint and seclusion is a controversial yet necessary aspect of medicine. Restraint encompasses both physical and chemical procedures. This ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Pediatric Skull Fractures | A child's skull is thinner and more pliable than an adult skull, thus providing less protection to the brain. Head trauma is a common cause of morbidi ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Peripheral Diabetic Neuropathy | Peripheral neuropathy (PN) encompasses a broad range of clinical pathologies potentially presenting with peripheral nervous system dysfunction. Patien ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Peripheral Line Placement | Peripheral intravenous (IV) lines, catheters or cannulas are indwelling single-lumen plastic conduits that allow fluids, medications and other therapi ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Peripheral Nerve Stimulator | Peripheral nerve stimulation is an emerging field in adjunctive analgesic therapies. This activity reviews the indications, contraindications, and tec ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Peripheral Vertigo | Approximately 80 percent of vertigo is peripheral, whereas approximately 20 percent is central. Peripheral vertigo is most commonly due to a benign pr ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Phenobarbital | Phenobarbital is included in a class of drugs called barbiturates. This drug can be used for anti-seizure management, treatment for status epilepticus ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 13 | Activity Info |
| Phenytoin | Phenytoin is a medication used in the management and treatment of epilepsy, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, complex partial seizures, and status ep ... Read the Article | 1.75 | 21 | Activity Info |
| Phenytoin Toxicity | Phenytoin has become one of the most well-studied anticonvulsants. With an average monthly cost of $30, it has also become one of the most widely used ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Pituitary Cancer | Pituitary gland tumors are rarely cancerous and mostly benign. The pituitary tumors may be functioning with hormone production or non-functioning with ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Pneumocephalus | Pneumocephalus, also known as pneumatocele or intracranial aerocele, is defined as the presence of air in the intracranial space. Pneumocephalus can o ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Pontine Infarction | Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the world. Pontine strokes, in particular, are catastrophic. Clinical presentation o ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Postdural Puncture Headache | Postdural puncture headache is a potential complication of a lumbar puncture, with symptoms caused by traction on pain-sensitive structures from low c ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Postherpetic Neuralgia | Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) is the most common long-term complication of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivation. This reactivation of the dormant ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 12 | Activity Info |
| Postictal Seizure State | The postictal state is a period that begins when a seizure subsides and ends when the patient returns to baseline. It typically lasts between 5 and 30 ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Postpartum Headache | Headaches are a frequent presenting complaint that disproportionally affects women of childbearing age. The incidence of headaches increases in the pu ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Post-Traumatic Headache | Post-traumatic headaches (PTHA) is a common sequela of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and may progress to chronic and possibly debilitating conditions. ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Posttraumatic Syringomyelia | Posttraumatic syringomyelia refers to the development of a cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavity within the spinal cord several months or years after a kn ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Postural Instability | Postural instability is the inability to maintain equilibrium under dynamic and static conditions such as preparation of movements, perturbations, and ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Pramipexole | Pramipexole is a medication used in the management and treatment of Parkinsonism and restless leg syndrome. It is in the anti-parkinsonian class of dr ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Prednisone | Prednisone is a synthetic, anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid that derives from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Prevention of Inappropriate Self-Extraction of Foley Catheters | Prevention of painful, traumatic Foley catheter removals and early identification of catheter mal-positioning can minimize pain, urinary tract infecti ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Procedural Sedation | Procedural sedation permits the safe performance of procedures that a patient cannot tolerate in the fully conscious state. Through this activity, th ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Prochlorperazine | Prochlorperazine is a first-generation antipsychotic. FDA indications include schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and other conditions presenting with sym ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures | Pseudoseizures, psychogenic seizures, and hysterical seizures are older terms used to describe events that clinically resemble epileptic seizures but ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Psychosis | Psychosis is a loose description of an amalgamation of psychological symptoms resulting in a loss of contact with reality. It is thought that although ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Radial Nerve Entrapment | Radial nerve entrapment is an uncommon diagnosis that is prone to under-recognition. Compression or entrapment can occur at any location within the co ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 14 | Activity Info |
| Ranchos Los Amigos | The Rancho Los Amigos Scale (RLAS), also known as the Ranchos Scale, is a widely accepted medical scale used to describe the cognitive and behavioral ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| REM Sleep Behavior Disorder | Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder is a parasomnia in which affected individuals act out their dreams while in the REM stage of sleep. U ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Rivastigmine | Rivastigmine is a medication used in the management and treatment of neurodegenerative disease, specifically dementia in Alzheimer patients and Parkin ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Rolandic Epilepsy Seizure | Benign rolandic epilepsy (BRE), also called benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) or benign epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal spi ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Romberg Test | This Romberg test illustrates a diagnostic, non-technical, physical test that identifies a specific neurologic impairment. The purpose of this evaluat ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Ropinirole | Ropinirole is a medication used in the management and treatment of Parkinson's disease and restless leg syndrome. It is a dopamine agonist (D2). The d ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Saccular Aneurysm | This activity will focus on saccular cerebral and aortic aneurysms. Most cerebral aneurysms are asymptomatic and small, and they are found incidentall ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Saturday Night Palsy | Saturday night palsy refers to a compressive neuropathy of the radial nerve that occurs from prolonged, direct pressure onto the upper medial arm or a ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Seizure | A seizure represents the uncontrolled, abnormal electrical activity of the brain that may cause changes in the level of consciousness, behavior, memor ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 17 | Activity Info |
| Seizure Medications | The mainstay treatment strategy for seizures is medication management. However, much like the prescription of any other pharmaceutical agent, a clinic ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 15 | Activity Info |
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Toxicity | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly prescribed antidepressants. Other clinical indications for SSRI use include anxiety disor ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Selegiline | Selegiline, a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, is FDA-approved as an adjunct treatment in the management of patients with Parkinson disease and as a ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 9 | Activity Info |
| Sensory Neuropathy | Sensory neuropathy is a common condition that is often a direct complication of another co-morbidity. It can be debilitating under certain circumstanc ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Serotonin Syndrome | Serotonin syndrome is a potentially life-threatening condition precipitated by the use of serotonergic drugs. It may be a consequence of therapeutic m ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 16 | Activity Info |
| Simple Partial Seizure | A seizure is an episodic, excessive and disorderly neuronal activity in the brain. These have traditionally been classified into partial and generaliz ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Sleep Deprivation | Sleep loss from various causes is very common and often missed by physicians as a treatable health problem. There are strong associations with serious ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Somatosensory Evoked Potentials | Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) have been in use for decades as an integral method of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring for spinal, ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 12 | Activity Info |
| Spatial Neglect | Spatial Neglect is a neuropsychological condition that occurs mainly due to damage to the right cerebral hemisphere after the right middle cerebral ar ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 11 | Activity Info |
| Spina Bifida | Spina Bifida is a generalized term for the neurologic condition resulting from the failure of neural tube closure of varying degrees during fetal deve ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 10 | Activity Info |
| Spinal Cord Compression | Spinal cord compression can result from a myriad of both atraumatic and traumatic causes. The spinal column is vulnerable to a variety of compressive ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 10 | Activity Info |
| Spinal Cord Injuries | Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious medical condition, which often results in severe morbidity and permanent disability. It occurs when the axons of ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 16 | Activity Info |
| Spinal Cord Ischemia | Spinal cord ischemia and infarction occur less frequently than cerebral infarction but result in significant mortality, disability, and reduced qualit ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Spinal Cord Stimulation | In the middle of the spectrum of increasingly invasive pain treatment modalities lies spinal cord stimulation (SCS), also referred to as dorsal column ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Spinal Shock | Spinal shock is a result of severe spinal cord injury. It usually requires high-impact, direct trauma that leads to spinal cord injury and spinal shoc ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Spinal Stenosis | Spinal stenosis is a condition characterized by the compression of the nerve roots by a number of pathologic factors, leading to symptoms such as pain ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 10 | Activity Info |
| Spondylolisthesis | Spondylolisthesis is a condition that occurs when one vertebral body slips with respect to the adjacent vertebral body causing radicular or mechanical ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 15 | Activity Info |
| Status Epilepticus | Status epilepticus is a neurological emergency requiring immediate evaluation and management to prevent significant morbidity or mortality. Previously ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 9 | Activity Info |
| Stroke Prevention | There is a significant overlap between the risk factors accounting for cardiovascular events and cerebrovascular events. The INTERHEART study looked a ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Stroke-Like Conditions | Approximately one-third of patients initially diagnosed with a stroke are ultimately diagnosed with a non-ischemic stroke mimic. This activity reviews ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Subacute Combined Degeneration of the Spinal Cord | Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord is a neurological complication of vitamin B12 deficiency. It is characterized by degeneration of the ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis | Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a devastating complication of the measles virus. Although it is a rare complication and the measles viru ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Subarachnoid Hemorrhage | Subarachnoid hemorrhages are life-threatening and result from the accumulation of blood between the arachnoid and pia mater. The incidence of subarach ... Read the Article | 2 | 26 | Activity Info |
| Subdural Empyema | Intracranial subdural empyema is a loculated collection of pus in the subdural space between the dura mater and the arachnoid. It is a serious conditi ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Subdural Hematoma | A subdural hematoma, as its name implies, forms because of an abnormal collection of blood under the dura mater. This is one of the intracranial injur ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 15 | Activity Info |
| Subfalcine Herniation | Herniation occurs when brain tissue is displaced across a structure within the cranium. Subfalcine herniation is the most common form of brain herniat ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Sumatriptan | Sumatriptan is FDA approved as an abortive treatment for migraine attacks with or without aura in adults. Acute treatment of cluster headache episodes ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion | Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone ADH release (SIADH) is a condition defined by the unsuppressed release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) fr ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 11 | Activity Info |
| Syphilis | Syphilis is a systemic, bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. Due to its many protean clinical manifestations, it has been ... Read the Article | 2.75 | 45 | Activity Info |
| Syringomyelia | Syringomyelia is a neurologic condition caused by the presence of a fluid-filled cavity within the spinal cord parenchyma or central canal. It typical ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Tardive Dyskinesia | Tardive dyskinesia is a syndrome that includes a group of iatrogenic movement disorders caused by the blockade of dopamine receptors. The movement dis ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Tardive Dystonia | Tardive dystonia (TD) is one of the extrapyramidal syndromes caused by the use of dopaminergic receptor antagonists. If not recognized promptly and ap ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Temporal Seizure | Temporal lobe epilepsy is the commonest seizure disorder and affects approximately fifty million people worldwide. The primary objective of this activ ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 9 | Activity Info |
| Thalamic Pain Syndrome | Thalamic pain syndrome is a chronic and disability neuropathic pain disorder seen following a cerebrovascular accident of the thalamus. This activity ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) manifests when pressures in the thoracic outlet increase to the point of impinging vessels or nerves. TOS presents in a ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 11 | Activity Info |
| Thunderclap Headache | The term ’thunderclap headache’ (TCH) was founded by Day and Raskin in the year 1986. They discovered it in a patient suffering from an unruptured cer ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Thymoma | Thymomas and thymic carcinomas originate from the epithelial cells of the thymus within the anterior mediastinum. The presence of histologic heterogen ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 11 | Activity Info |
| Tilt Table | While there are multiple causes of syncope, many of these are neurally mediated. Some neurally mediated causes of syncope include vasovagal syncope, c ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Tissue Plasminogen Activator | Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is classified as a serine protease (enzymes that cleave peptide bonds in proteins). It is thus one of the essential ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 11 | Activity Info |
| Tizanidine | Tizanidine is a myotonolytic agent FDA-approved for the management of spasticity, which may be caused by multiple sclerosis, an acquired brain injury, ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 9 | Activity Info |
| Todd Paresis | Todd paresis, also known as Todd's paralysis or Todd's palsy, is a common syndrome associated with weakness or paralysis in part or all of the body af ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Topiramate | Topiramate is a medication used in the management and treatment of epilepsy and migraine. It is in the second-generation anti-epileptic drugs class of ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 12 | Activity Info |
| Total Parenteral Nutrition | Total parenteral nutrition is a medication used in the management and treatment of malnourishment. It is in the nutrition class of drugs. This activit ... Read the Article | 1.75 | 21 | Activity Info |
| Tourette Syndrome And Other Tic Disorders | Tourette syndrome, also referred to as Tourette disorder, is a common neurodevelopmental disorder affecting up to 1 percent of the population. It is c ... Read the Article | 1.75 | 20 | Activity Info |
| Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation | Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, known by its acronym TENS, is a modality that uses electric current to activate nerves in order to decrea ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Transient Global Amnesia | Transient global amnesia (TGA) is acute onset anterograde amnesia that is temporary and usually occurs in middle-aged and older individuals. It is oft ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Transient Ischemic Attack | A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a medical emergency. It is defined as a transient episode of neurologic dysfunction due to focal brain, spinal co ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Transient Loss Of Vision | Transient loss of vision instills apprehension in the minds of patients and providers. Patients commonly worry about the potential for permanent loss ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Traumatic Brain Injury | Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result from trauma ranging from a simple blow to the head to a penetrating injury to the brain. In the United States, ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Trigeminal Neuralgia | Trigeminal neuralgia is one of the most painful neurological condition and is often described as 'lightning bolt' stuck on the face or a stabbing sens ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 12 | Activity Info |
| Trigeminal Neuropathy | Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), also known as tic douloureux, is the most common neuropathic pain involving the craniofacial region. It is characterized by ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Trihexyphenidyl | Trihexyphenidyl works as an anticholinergic and is used for the treatment of tremors, spasms, stiffness, and weak muscle control seen in patients with ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Triptans | Triptans are a class of medications used in the treatment of migraine. This activity reviews the indications, action, and contraindications for tripta ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Tuberous Sclerosis | Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder that affects multiple systems. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion and is characte ... Read the Article | 2 | 31 | Activity Info |
| Uhthoff Phenomenon | Uhthoff phenomenon, also known as Uhthoff sign or Uhthoff syndrome, is a transient worsening of neurological function lasting less than 24 hours that ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Uncal Herniation | Uncal herniation occurs when rising intracranial pressure causes portions of the brain to move from one intracranial compartment to another. It is a l ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Unconscious Patient | Unconsciousness is generally caused by a temporary or permanent impairment of either the reticular activating system in the brainstem, both cerebral h ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Valproate Toxicity | Valproate is a commonly prescribed anticonvulsant used in the treatment of seizure and bipolar disorders. Valproate has also been utilized for the tre ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Valproic Acid | Valproic acid is an anticonvulsive and mood stabilizer medication. It is extensively used in the adult population for the treatment of convulsions, mi ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 11 | Activity Info |
| Vasovagal Episode | A vasovagal episode or vasovagal syncope is the most common form of reflex syncope. Reflex syncope describes any form of syncopal episode caused by a ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Vertebral Artery Dissection | Vertebral artery dissection (VAD) is a rare cause of stroke in the general population, but one of the more common causes of stroke in patients younger ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Vertebral Artery Injury | Injuries to the vertebral artery may either be traumatic or spontaneous. Traumatic injuries are most frequently due to blunt injury to the head and ne ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Vertebral Compression Fractures | Vertebral compression fractures of the spinal column occur secondary to an axial/compressive load with resultant biomechanical failure of the bone, re ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Vertebrobasilar Stroke | Vertebrobasilar strokes are interruptions of blood flow to the posterior circulation. While these types of strokes are relatively uncommon, they are a ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Vertigo | Vertigo is a common presenting complaint in primary care and emergency departments. It is a symptom of vestibular dysfunction and has been described a ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Viral Encephalitis | Viral encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by a virus. It is the most common type of encephalitis and often coexists with viral ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Viral Meningitis | Viral meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges caused by a virus. It is most common in young children but is seen across all age groups. This ac ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 15 | Activity Info |
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) | Pyridoxine is a vitamin and a medication used in the treatment of vitamin B6 deficiency, as well as the management of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Vitamin B6 Toxicity | This activity describes the toxicity associated with vitamin B6 at higher doses. It explains in detail the pathophysiology and toxicokinetics of vitam ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Weber Syndrome | Weber syndrome is a midbrain stroke characterized by crossed hemiplegia along with oculomotor nerve deficits. This activity reviews the etiology and t ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Wernicke Encephalopathy | Wernicke encephalopathy is an acute neurological condition characterized by a clinical triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and confusion. This disease i ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 10 | Activity Info |
| Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome | Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a condition caused by a deficiency of thiamine or vitamin B1. Patients classically present with a clinical triad of oph ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 13 | Activity Info |
| Wilson Disease | Wilson disease (hepatolenticular degeneration) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder caused by abnormal copper accumulation in the body particularly ... Read the Article | 2 | 26 | Activity Info |
| Zolpidem | Zolpidem is a non-benzodiazepine receptor modulator primarily used in the FDA approved short-term treatment of insomnia aimed at patients with difficu ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
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