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131 I Sodium Iodide
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Radioiodine-131 is a therapeutic agent used in the management and treatment of hyperthyroidism and thyroid carcinoma. This activity describes the ind ...
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21 Hydroxylase Deficiency
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21-hydroxylase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency in one of the enzymes required for the synthesis of cortisol in th ...
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4 |
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3,4-Methylenedioxy-Methamphetamine Toxicity
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This activity reviews the FDA-class 1 drug 3,4 - methylenedioxymethamphetamine, also known as MDMA, ecstasy, or molly. The drug is known to promote a ...
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8 |
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3-3-2 Rule
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The airway is one of the most critical elements of patient safety, and difficult intubations commonly cause morbidity and mortality. To decrease morbi ...
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5 |
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5 Alpha Reductase Deficiency
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This activity reviews 5-alpha-reductase deficiency, an important cause of ambiguous genitalia in children. Initially, the phenotype of children with 5 ...
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3 |
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5 Alpha Reductase Inhibitors
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The 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (finasteride and dutasteride) are a class of medication used in the management and treatment of benign prostatic hype ...
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6 |
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5th Metatarsal Fracture
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Fractures of the fifth metatarsal are common injuries that must be recognized and treated appropriately to avoid poor clinical outcomes for the patien ...
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7 |
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A Review Of Hereditary Colorectal Cancers
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Colorectal cancer is the fourth leading cause of death in the world. Many cases of colorectal cancer are associated with lifestyle factors such as obe ...
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6 |
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Abacavir
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Abacavir is an approved nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used to treat human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection in combination with ...
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1 |
6 |
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Abciximab
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Abciximab is widely used in interventional cardiology for the treatment of unstable angina and as an adjunct therapy following percutaneous coronary i ...
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1.25 |
11 |
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Abdominal Abscess
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Abdominal abscesses contain cellular debris, enzymes, and liquid and can be from an infectious or non-infectious source. They are a common and serious ...
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7 |
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Abdominal Angina
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Abdominal angina is postprandial pain that occurs in mesenteric vascular occlusive disease when blood flow to the colon is unable to meet visceral dem ...
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5 |
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Abdominal Aorta Repair
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Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair is performed because the mortality rates are as high as 78% following rupture. Open and endovascular surgery are the ...
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5 |
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Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
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An abdominal aortic aneurysm is a life-threatening condition that requires monitoring or treatment depending upon the size of the aneurysm and/or symp ...
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25 |
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Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Imaging
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Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAAs) are a relatively common pathology. Ruptured aneurysms have an exceptionally high mortality rate. Early diagnosis an ...
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8 |
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Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Rupture
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Abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture represents a catastrophic emergency and if not recognized and appropriately treated, carries significant morbidity a ...
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1.25 |
9 |
Activity Info
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Abdominal Aortic Repair
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Abdominal aortic repair is a major surgical procedure done to treat an aortic aneurysm. Elective surgery on an abdominal aortic aneurysm is indicated ...
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9 |
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Abdominal Compartment Syndrome
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Abdominal compartment syndrome occurs when the pressure in the abdominal cavity elevates beyond 20 mmHg. It is associated with multiorgan dysfunction. ...
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6 |
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Abdominal Gunshot Wounds
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An abdominal gunshot wound is a multisystemic, traumatic injury that commonly causes high morbidity and mortality. Practitioners should recognize that ...
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4 |
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Abdominal Hematoma
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A hematoma is a blood collection in an extravascular space and is named according to the location of the blood collection. Rectus sheath hematomas res ...
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Abdominal Hysterectomy
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This activity describes the current status of abdominal hysterectomy, which represents the most common gynecologic surgical procedure performed in the ...
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9 |
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Abdominal Thrust Maneuver
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The abdominal thrust maneuver, also known as the Heimlich maneuver, is used to treat upper airway obstructions caused by foreign bodies. This maneuver ...
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4 |
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Abdominal Wall Reconstruction
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The management of abdominal wall defects is challenging and complex. To achieve good outcomes, the goals and objectives of abdominal wall reconstructi ...
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5 |
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Abdominoplasty
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The abdominoplasty, commonly referred to as a "tummy tuck", is a procedure to reduce excess skin and fat around the abdomen and strengthen the abdomin ...
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1 |
4 |
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Abducens Nerve Palsy
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The abducens nerve, also known as cranial nerve VI, is responsible for ipsilateral eye abduction. Visualizing the anatomy of the nerve allows for bett ...
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7 |
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Abetalipoproteinemia
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Abetalipoproteinemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder marked by low or absent levels of plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins and very-lo ...
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1.25 |
8 |
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Ablative Laser Resurfacing
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This activity outlines and describes ablative laser options and their current therapeutic uses in skin resurfacing. The differences between fractional ...
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Ablative Nerve Block
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Ablation procedures have been used to treat chronic back pain and sciatica of unknown etiology as an alternative to surgical severing the dorsal rami. ...
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1.25 |
11 |
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Abnormal Labor
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Physicians, advanced practice nurses, nursing personnel, and midwives must be aware of what constitutes normal versus abnormal labor. Without proper s ...
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6 |
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Abnormal Neonatal EEG
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Electroencephalogram of a newborn shows unique features compared to older children and adults. The principles employed in the identification of abnorm ...
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5 |
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Abnormal Respirations
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There are multiple types of normal and abnormal respiration. They include apnea, eupnea, orthopnea, dyspnea hyperpnea, hyperventilation, hypoventilati ...
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11 |
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Abnormal Spontaneous Electromyographic Activity
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The muscle is normally electrically silent outside the end-plate zone. Therefore, abnormal spontaneous activity is considered when there is the persis ...
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8 |
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Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
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Abnormal uterine bleeding is a broad term that describes irregularities in the menstrual cycle involving frequency, regularity, duration, and volume o ...
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1.25 |
10 |
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Abortion
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Abortion is one of the common procedures performed among women. In the US, in 2014, one in 5 pregnancies ended in abortion, and one in 4 women is esti ...
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7 |
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Abortion Complications
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Roughly one million abortions are performed each year in the United States alone. The total abortion-related complication rate is estimated to be abou ...
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4 |
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Above the Knee Amputations
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Above-the-knee amputations are performed in patients of all ages for a variety of reasons. The amputation is performed through the femur and allows pa ...
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6 |
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Abrasion
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Abrasion is the superficial denudation of the epithelium due to scraping, impact or pressure. While the management of abrasions is relatively simple, ...
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7 |
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Absence Seizure
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Absence seizures are brief seizures during which the patient is unresponsive. They are generally seen in children between 4 and 12 years of age. It ha ...
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12 |
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Abulia
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Abulia, also known as apathy, psychic akinesia, and athymia, refers to a lack of will, drive, or initiative for action, speech and thought, and is fel ...
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4 |
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Abuse and Neglect
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Abuse and neglect refer to the actions or inactions of an individual's caregiver or parent inflicting physical, sexual, or emotional harm on the indiv ...
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6 |
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Acalculous Cholecystitis
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Acalculous cholecystitis is a hypokinetic condition of gallbladder emptying. It often presents as an acute ailment (acute cholecystitis), but it can a ...
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5 |
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Acanthamoeba Keratitis
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Acanthamoeba is a rare and frequently misdiagnosed cause of corneal infection. Acanthamoeba keratitis most often occurs in contact lens wearers. This ...
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1.25 |
8 |
Activity Info
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Acanthosis Nigricans
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Acanthosis nigricans is a cutaneous manifestation of an underlying condition. It usually develops in in skin folds, such as the back of the neck, axil ...
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1.25 |
10 |
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Acarbose
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a growing concern around the world, and in the USA in particular, with clinicians encountering the condition more frequent ...
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1 |
7 |
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Accessory Nerve Injury
|
Cranial nerve XI is also known as the accessory nerve. It is prone to injury due to its long and superficial nature. Injury to the accessory nerve can ...
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6 |
Activity Info
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ACE Inhibitors
|
ACE inhibitors are a medication class used in the treatment and management of hypertension, which is a significant risk factor for coronary disease he ...
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1.5 |
14 |
Activity Info
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Acetabular Fractures
|
Acetabular fractures primarily occur in young people who are involved in high-velocity trauma. Since the advent of mandatory seatbelt use, there has ...
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5 |
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Acetaminophen
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Many diseases and conditions list pain as a component of their presentation; as a result, pain management is of great importance to both clinicians an ...
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1.25 |
8 |
Activity Info
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Acetaminophen Toxicity
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Acetaminophen toxicity is the second most common cause of liver transplantation worldwide and the most common cause of liver transplantation in the US ...
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1.25 |
11 |
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Acetaminophen/Aspirin/Caffeine
|
The FDA recognized the combination of acetylsalicylic acid (250 mg), acetaminophen (250 mg), and caffeine (65 mg) as safe and effective in treating ac ...
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6 |
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Acetazolamide
|
Acetazolamide is a diuretic and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor medication that is used to treat several illnesses. FDA-approved indications include glau ...
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1.25 |
9 |
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Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Toxicity
|
Nerve agents are some of the most deadly and easily employed chemical warfare agents. Given the global threat of terrorism, it is prudent to have a ba ...
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1.25 |
8 |
Activity Info
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Achalasia
|
Achalasia is an esophageal smooth muscle motility disorder that occurs due to a failure of relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. This conditio ...
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1.5 |
14 |
Activity Info
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Achilles Tendon Rupture
|
Achilles tendon rupture is the most common tendon rupture in the lower extremity. The injury most commonly occurs in adults in their third to fifth d ...
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6 |
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Achilles Tendonitis
|
The Achilles tendon ranks as the strongest tendon in the human body connecting the plantaris, gastrocnemius, and soleus to the calcaneus bone. This ac ...
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1.25 |
9 |
Activity Info
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Achlorhydria
|
Achlorhydria is a condition in which the stomach does not produce hydrochloric acid, one of the components of gastric acid. Hydrochloric acid plays an ...
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9 |
Activity Info
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Achondroplasia
|
Achondroplasia is the most common skeletal dysplasia found in humans, accounting for 90% of cases of disproportionate short stature. It is caused by a ...
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1.25 |
11 |
Activity Info
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Acinetobacter
|
Acinetobacter is a gram-negative, nonmotile organism that is often found in soil and water and is known to colonize intravenous fluids. In general, Ac ...
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6 |
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Acitretin
|
Acitretin belongs to a group of drugs known as retinoids. Retinoids include natural and synthetic compounds that have similar activity to vitamin A. V ...
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7 |
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Ackee Fruit Toxicity
|
Ingestion of unripe Ackee fruit may result in the metabolic syndrome known as "Jamaican vomiting sickness." Clinical manifestations may include profus ...
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Acne Conglobata
|
Acne conglobata is a rare but severe form of acne. It usually presents with deep burrowing abscesses that interconnect with each other. Scar formation ...
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13 |
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Acne Fulminans
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Acne fulminans or acne maligna is a rare skin disorder presenting as an acute, painful, ulcerating, and hemorrhagic clinical form of acne. It may or m ...
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1.25 |
9 |
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Acne Keloidalis Nuchae
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Acne keloidalis nuchae is a disease characterized by persistent folliculitis at the nape of the neck that forms keloid like scars and ultimately cicat ...
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Acne Vulgaris
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Acne vulgaris is an inflammatory disorder of pilosebaceous unit, which runs a chronic course and it is self-limiting. Acne vulgaris is triggered by pr ...
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1.5 |
19 |
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Acneiform Eruptions
|
Acneiform eruptions are a group of disorders characterized by papules and pustules resembling acne vulgaris. Acneiform eruptions demonstrate an acute ...
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12 |
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Acoustic Neuroma
|
Acoustic neuromas are tumors that develop from the sheath of Schwann cells. They tend to occupy the cerebellopontine angle and are usually found adjac ...
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1.5 |
17 |
Activity Info
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Acquired Angioedema
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Angioedema is characterized by one or more areas of well-demarcated, non-pitting edema of deep subcutaneous tissues. It is primarily known to involve ...
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Acquired Digital Fibrokeratoma
|
Acquired digital fibrokeratoma (ADFK) is a rare, benign, fibrous tumor. It usually occurs in adults as a solitary lesion on fingers and toes. Since AD ...
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6 |
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Acquired Hemophilia
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Acquired hemophilia is an uncommon but severe bleeding disorder. It is caused by the development of autoantibodies directed against one of the antihem ...
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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
|
Human immunodeficiency virus is transmitted sexually, via blood transfusions, sharing intravenous needles, and from the mother to a child during the b ...
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4 |
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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Antiretroviral Therapy
|
Human immunodeficiency virus infection is a significant health problem worldwide. Advances in treatment have made this disease not only manageable but ...
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7 |
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Acquired Perforating Dermatosis
|
Perforating dermatoses are characterized by a papulonodular rash with transepidermal elimination of dermal components. Traditionally, four classic for ...
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Acral Lentiginous Melanoma
|
Acral lentiginous melanoma is a subtype of cutaneous malignant melanoma. It is comprised of malignant melanocytes, which can become invasive with time ...
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7 |
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Acrochordon
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Acrochordons (fibroepithelial polyps, skin tags, papillomas) are common benign neoplasms of the skin, often associated with obesity. These small pedun ...
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7 |
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Acrodermatitis Chronica Atrophicans
|
Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA) is a late and chronic manifestation of Lyme borreliosis. If untreated, ACA progresses from an early inflamma ...
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Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
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Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a rare skin disorder associated with zinc deficiency that is most often seen in infants. Zinc is a very important micr ...
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7 |
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Acrodynia
|
Acrodynia is a rare disorder caused due to chronic mercury poisoning or idiosyncrasy to mercury. It is a Greek term that means 'painful extremities.' ...
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Acrokeratoelastoidosis
|
Acrokeratoelastoidosis is a rare, benign, and generally asymptomatic condition that usually begins in childhood and is characterized by flesh-colored ...
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4 |
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Acrokeratosis Paraneoplastica
|
Bazex syndrome, also known as acrokeratosis paraneoplastica or acrokeratosis neoplastica syndrome is a rare, acral psoriasiform dermatosis associated ...
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8 |
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Acrokeratosis Verruciformis of Hopf
|
Acrokeratosis verruciformis is a rare genodermatosis that usually develops in childhood and is characterized by verrucous papules on the dorsum of the ...
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6 |
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Acromegaly
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Acromegaly is a disorder caused by excessive growth hormone production from the anterior pituitary gland, resulting in excessive growth of body tissue ...
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1.5 |
17 |
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Acromioclavicular Joint Injection
|
The most frequently encountered causes of non-traumatic pain in the AC joint are overuse, degenerative changes, and distal clavicle osteolysis. Conser ...
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4 |
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Acromioclavicular Joint Injury
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Acromioclavicular joint injuries account for more than forty percent of all shoulder injuries. Mild injuries are not associated with any significant ...
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1.25 |
9 |
Activity Info
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Actinic Cheilitis
|
Actinic cheilitis is a precancerous lesion that forms most commonly on the lower lip. Similar to actinic keratosis, actinic cheilitis can undergo mali ...
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1.25 |
12 |
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Actinic Keratosis
|
Actinic keratoses (AKs) are premalignant cutaneous lesions that may progress to squamous cell carcinoma. They are a common skin condition and develop ...
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7 |
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Actinic Prurigo
|
Actinic prurigo, also known as prurigo or hydroa aestivale or Hutchinson summer, is a photodermatosis that is characterized by intensely pruritic papu ...
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5 |
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Actinic Purpura
|
Actinic purpura, also known as solar purpura, Bateman purpura, senile purpura, or Bateman disease is a common disorder of dermal connective tissue due ...
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6 |
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Actinomycosis
|
Actinomyces are gram-positive filamentous non-acid fast anaerobic to microaerophilic bacteria that typically colonize the human mouth, urogenital trac ...
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1.25 |
8 |
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Activated Charcoal
|
An oral suspension of activated charcoal should be considered in poisonings when gastrointestinal decontamination of an ingested toxin is indicated. A ...
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1 |
5 |
Activity Info
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Active Tuberculosis
|
Active tuberculosis is a condition in which Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes infection; typically in the lungs, although many systems can be involved ...
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1.25 |
11 |
Activity Info
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Activities of Daily Living
|
Activities of daily living (ADLs) are essential and routine tasks that most young healthy individuals can perform without assistance. The inability to ...
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5 |
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Acupuncture
|
Acupuncture is a system of medical treatment and ideology that is based on the principle of applying small needles or pressure to specific points in t ...
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1 |
4 |
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Acute Abdomen
|
An acute abdomen is a condition that demands urgent attention and treatment. The acute abdomen may be caused by an infection, inflammation, vascular o ...
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1 |
4 |
Activity Info
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Acute and Chronic Thermal Burn Evaluation and Management
|
Thermal burns are a significant cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. They can lead to debilitating, lifelong injuries and have serious psycholo ...
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1.25 |
12 |
Activity Info
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Acute Anemia
|
Acute anemia occurs when there is an abrupt drop in red blood cells, usually due to acute hemorrhage or hemolysis. This activity reviews the presentat ...
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3 |
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Acute Ankle Sprain
|
Acute ankle sprains are commonly seen in both primary care practices and emergency departments and can result in significant short-term morbidity, rec ...
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1.25 |
12 |
Activity Info
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Acute Arterial Occlusion
|
Acute arterial occlusion is synonymous with acute limb ischemia and is considered a vascular emergency. Acute limb ischemia is defined as a sudden los ...
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5 |
Activity Info
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Acute Bronchitis
|
Acute bronchitis is the inflammation of the lining of the bronchi. It is a common presentation in emergency departments, urgent care centers, and in p ...
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1.25 |
9 |
Activity Info
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Acute Cardiac Tamponade
|
Cardiac tamponade occurs when excessive fluid accumulates in the pericardium, in turn compressing the heart and restricting the filling of the cardia ...
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6 |
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Acute Chest Syndrome
|
Acute chest syndrome occurs due to vaso-occlusion within the pulmonary vasculature of patients with sickle cell disease. This results in deoxygenation ...
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1.25 |
10 |
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Acute Cholecystitis
|
Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder that occurs due to occlusion of the cystic duct or impaired emptying of the gallbladder. Often ...
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1.5 |
18 |
Activity Info
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Acute Closed Angle Glaucoma
|
Acute angle-closure glaucoma is an ocular emergency that results from a rapid increase in intraocular pressure due to outflow obstruction of aqueous h ...
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1 |
6 |
Activity Info
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Acute Compartment Syndrome
|
Acute compartment syndrome is a condition in which there is increased pressure within a closed osteofascial compartment, resulting in impaired local c ...
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1.75 |
21 |
Activity Info
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Acute Coronary Syndrome
|
Acute coronary syndrome refers to a group of diseases in which blood flow to the heart is decreases. Some examples include ST-elevation myocardial inf ...
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1.25 |
11 |
Activity Info
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Acute Coronary Syndrome Catheter Interventions
|
Since the late 1970s, when catheter-based therapy for ischemic heart disease was first introduced, catheters have continued to evolve. Initially, card ...
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6 |
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Acute Cystitis
|
Urinary tract infections are the most common bacterial infection in women, and result in roughly eight million emergency department or clinic visits a ...
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10 |
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Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
|
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis also referred to as post-infectious encephalomyelitis, is an acute, rapidly progressive autoimmune process that i ...
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6 |
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Acute Diverticulitis
|
Acute diverticulitis is inflammation of a diverticulum, a sac-like protrusion from the colon wall, due to micro-perforation. Diverticulitis presents i ...
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15 |
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Acute Eclampsia
|
Eclampsia is a pregnancy-related disorder that manifests as new-onset generalized tonic colonic seizures. Typically eclampsia occurs after gestational ...
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1.25 |
10 |
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Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis
|
Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, also known as Sweet syndrome, consists of erythematous plaques and papules along with constitutional symptoms s ...
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1 |
5 |
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Acute Headache
|
Headache is a nearly universal complaint. Most headaches are benign, and the majority of patients can be safely treated and discharged with minimal wo ...
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5 |
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Acute Hepatic Porphyria
|
Hepatic porphyrias are genetic disorders caused by the defect in an enzyme involved in heme synthesis and accumulation of heme precursors. Hepatic por ...
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1 |
4 |
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Acute Hepatitis
|
Acute hepatitis is a term used to describe a wide variety of conditions characterized by acute inflammation of the hepatic parenchyma or injury to hep ...
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7 |
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Acute Intermittent Porphyria
|
Acute intermittent porphyria is a rare autosomal dominant disease characterized by a deficiency of hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS). It presents wi ...
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1.25 |
9 |
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Acute Interstitial Pneumonia
|
Acute interstitial pneumonia is a form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia with an acute onset and a rapidly progressive course that frequently leads ...
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5 |
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Acute Kidney Injury
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Acute kidney injury, previously known as acute renal failure, denotes a sudden and often reversible reduction in the kidney function, as measured by ...
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1.5 |
17 |
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Acute Laryngitis
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Laryngitis refers to inflammation of the larynx. This is often due to an acute viral infection, which is typically a mild and self-limiting condition ...
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4 |
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Acute Liver Failure
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Acute liver failure is defined as severe acute liver injury for fewer than twenty six weeks duration with encephalopathy and impaired synthetic functi ...
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3 |
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Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
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Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a malignancy of B or T lymphoblasts characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal, immature lymphocytes ...
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1.25 |
8 |
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Acute Mastitis
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Mastitis can be broken down into lactational and non-lactational causes. While non-lactational causes of mastitis are less common, lactational mastiti ...
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1.25 |
9 |
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Acute Mesenteric Ischemia
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Acute mesenteric ischemia is caused by a sudden decline in blood flow through the mesenteric vessels. Diagnosis can be difficult because symptoms are ...
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1.5 |
15 |
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Acute Mountain Sickness
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At higher altitudes, the decreased partial pressure of oxygen can cause several pathological presentations, including high altitude pulmonary edema, h ...
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5 |
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Acute Myeloid Leukemia
|
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common leukemia among the adult population and accounts for about 80% of all cases. It is characterized by cl ...
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1.25 |
10 |
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Acute Myocardial Infarction
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Acute myocardial infarctions are one of the leading causes of death in the developed world, with prevalence approaching three million people worldwide ...
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30 |
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Acute Myocarditis
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Acute myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium. It is typically seen in infants and teenagers but can occur at any age. It most commonly results ...
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5 |
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Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
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Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) is a rapidly destructive, non-communicable microbial disease of the gingiva in the context of an impair ...
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5 |
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Acute Nerve Injury
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Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) can present in approximately 3% of trauma patients. They vary in severity and complexity, necessitating different app ...
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6 |
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Acute On Chronic Liver Failure
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Acute on chronic liver failure is a clinical syndrome of sudden hepatic decompensation observed in patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease. A ...
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7 |
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Acute Otitis Media
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Acute otitis media (AOM) is defined as an infection of the middle ear and is the second most common pediatric diagnosis in the emergency department fo ...
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1.5 |
13 |
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Acute Pancreatitis
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Acute pancreatitis is the leading cause of gastrointestinal-related hospitalization in the United States, and its frequency continues to rise in the ...
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2 |
31 |
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Acute Pneumothorax Evaluation and Treatment
|
A pneumothorax is an accumulation of gas in the pleural space (the space between the visceral and parietal pleura of the chest cavity), which can imp ...
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7 |
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Acute Porphyria
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Acute porphyrias are a group of rare disorders characterized by an enzymatic defect in the heme biosynthetic pathway. Patients present with acute, deb ...
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6 |
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Acute Postpartum Hemorrhage
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Obstetric hemorrhage is the most common and dangerous complication of childbirth. Traditionally, postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) has been defined as great ...
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7 |
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Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
|
Acute promyelocytic leukemia is a distinguished subset of acute myeloid leukemia which is characterized by fusion gene transcript PML-RAR-alpha and hi ...
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5 |
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Acute Pulmonary Embolism
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Acute pulmonary embolism is a common clinical condition with a variable clinical presentation, making its diagnosis challenging. This activity outline ...
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2.25 |
31 |
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Acute Pyelonephritis
|
Acute pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection causing inflammation of the kidneys. Pyelonephritis occurs as a complication of an ascending urinary tra ...
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1.25 |
13 |
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Acute Renal Colic
|
Acute renal colic is severe pain resulting from the presence of a stone in the urinary system. The stone can be present anywhere along the path betwee ...
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1.25 |
6 |
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Acute Renal Tubular Necrosis
|
The most common intrinsic cause of acute kidney injury is acute tubular necrosis. Acute tubular necrosis is most common in hospitalized patients and c ...
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7 |
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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
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Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition characterized by poor oxygenation and non-compliant or "stiff" lungs. The d ...
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2.25 |
33 |
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Acute Retinal Necrosis
|
Acute retinal necrosis is characterized by peripheral necrotizing retinitis usually due to infection with varicella-zoster virus or herpes simplex vir ...
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5 |
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Acute Scrotum Pain
|
Acute scrotum pain is an umbrella term that includes a wide variety of unique disease processes. Patients may describe the rapid onset of symptoms wit ...
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9 |
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Acute Sinusitis
|
Rhinosinusitis is among the most common conditions encountered in the primary care clinic. It can result from viral, bacterial, or fungal infections, ...
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1.25 |
12 |
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Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
|
An acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction occurs due to occlusion of one or more coronary arteries, causing transmural myocardial ischemia which in ...
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7 |
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Acute Stress Disorder
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Acute stress disorder (ASD) was first outlined in 1994 at the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) as a new ...
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7 |
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Acute Stroke
|
Acute strokes, also known as cerebrovascular accidents, are broadly classified as either ischemic or hemorrhagic. Acute strokes result in loss of bloo ...
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30 |
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Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
|
Subarachnoid hemorrhages are true emergencies that demand prompt treatment. Subarachnoid hemorrhages result from a medical aneurysmal rupture or traum ...
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1.25 |
13 |
Activity Info
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Acute Transplantation Rejection
|
Acute transplant rejection occurs days to months after a transplant when the immune system identifies a grafted organ as foreign and attacks it. Acute ...
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3 |
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Acute Traumatic Ischemia Hyperbaric Evaluation and Treatment
|
Trauma to a limb leads to direct tissue damage and local hypoxia due to edema, resulting in acute traumatic peripheral ischemia. The trauma can vary f ...
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4 |
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Acyclovir
|
Acyclovir is a medication used in the management and treatment of infections caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). It is FDA approved to treat gen ...
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7 |
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Adalimumab
|
Adalimumab is a fully human, high-affinity, recombinant anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha monoclonal antibody used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, ...
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1.25 |
10 |
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Adamantinoma
|
An adamantinoma is a rare low-grade malignant bone tumor typically found in the diaphyses and metaphyses of long bones in 20 to 40-year-olds. Adamanti ...
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1.25 |
9 |
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Adapalene
|
Adapalene is a topical retinoid with FDA approval for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Clinicians use retinoids are used to treat a wide variety of ski ...
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5 |
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Adaptive Support Ventilation
|
Adaptive support ventilation (ASV) is a type of mechanical ventilation, which is a relatively newer mode of closed-loop ventilation. Other modes of me ...
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1 |
5 |
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Addiction
|
The laymen's definition of addiction is a "fact or condition of being addicted to a particular substance, thing, or activity." Medically it is a "chro ...
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20 |
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Addiction Relapse Prevention
|
Individuals recovering from various forms of addiction frequently encounter relapses that have gained acceptance as an almost inevitable part of the r ...
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1.5 |
16 |
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Addison Disease
|
Addison disease is a relatively rare condition, which can have devastating consequences if not promptly recognized and appropriately treated. Often th ...
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2.25 |
31 |
Activity Info
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Addisonian Crisis
|
An Addisonian crisis, or adrenal crisis, is a potentially life-threatening condition that results from an acute insufficiency of adrenal hormones (glu ...
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1.25 |
10 |
Activity Info
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Adductor Strain
|
An adductor strain or injury to the adductor muscle group of the thigh is a common cause of medial leg and groin pain, especially among athletes. This ...
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5 |
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Adenocarcinoma
|
Adenocarcinomas are malignant tumors formed from glandular structures in epithelial tissue. They can arise from a variety of tissues. This activity re ...
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7 |
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Adenoid Cystic Cancer
|
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy arising from the secretory glands, most commonly seen involving the salivary glands. Although unco ...
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6 |
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Adenoid Hypertrophy
|
Adenoid hypertrophy is an obstructive condition due to enlarged adenoids. This can occur with or without an acute or chronic infection of the adenoids ...
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5 |
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Adenoidectomy
|
Adenoidectomy is a common surgical procedure primarily performed in children for infectious or obstructive reasons. This activity details the indicati ...
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5 |
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Adenoiditis
|
Adenoiditis occurs when there is inflammation of the adenoid tissue resulting from infection, allergies, or irritation from stomach acid. Adenoiditis ...
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5 |
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Adenomyomatosis
|
Adenomyomatosis is a benign condition that can present with right upper quadrant pain and is characterized by hyperplasia of the gallbladder wall muco ...
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6 |
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Adenomyosis
|
Adenomyosis is a gynecologic condition characterized by ectopic endometrial tissue within the uterine myometrium. Presenting signs and symptoms vary, ...
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9 |
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Adenopathy
|
Lymphadenopathy is a common abnormal finding during the course of the physical exam in general medical practice. Adenopathy can be caused by neoplasm, ...
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Adenosine
|
Adenosine has uses as both a diagnostic or therapeutic agent. As a diagnostic agent, adenosine can be utilized in myocardial perfusion stress imaging ...
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1.25 |
8 |
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Adenoviruses
|
The adenoviruses are DNA viruses common in animals and humans, occurring frequently in both adults and children. There are more than 100 serologically ...
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6 |
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Adhesiolysis
|
Intra-abdominal adhesions are commonly formed after surgery, but can also be congenital. They are the most common cause of bowel obstruction. The majo ...
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Adhesive Capsulitis
|
Adhesive capsulitis, also known as frozen shoulder, is an inflammatory condition characterized by shoulder stiffness, pain, and significant loss of pa ...
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3 |
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Adie Syndrome
|
Adie syndrome, also known as the Holmes-Adie syndrome, is a neurological disorder of unknown etiology comprising unilateral or bilateral tonically dil ...
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5 |
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Adiposis Dolorosa
|
Adiposis dolorosa is a rare disorder of multiple painful subcutaneous growths of adipose tissue most commonly affecting the proximal extremities, trun ...
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5 |
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Adolescent and Idiopathic Scoliosis
|
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common form of pediatric scoliosis occurring in individuals between the ages of 10 to 18. By definit ...
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1.5 |
14 |
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Adrenal Adenoma
|
Adrenal adenomas are benign neoplasms of the adrenal cortex. Non-secreting adrenal adenomas secrete low levels of hormones, are usually asymptomatic a ...
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1.25 |
9 |
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Adrenal Cancer
|
Adrenal masses are a frequent observation in the adrenal gland. While most lesions are benign, adrenocortical carcinoma should be a consideration when ...
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1.25 |
6 |
Activity Info
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Adrenal Cortical Nodular Hyperplasia
|
A number of heterogeneous disorders can result in adrenal cortical nodular hyperplasia. Cortical hyperplasia is a benign enlargement of the gland. Nor ...
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6 |
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Adrenal Crisis
|
Adrenal crisis is an acute life-threatening condition precipitated by an internal or external process in the setting of known or unknown adrenal insuf ...
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1.25 |
10 |
Activity Info
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Adrenal Hemorrhage
|
Adrenal hemorrhage represents a rare disease of variable etiologies. The disease often presents in a wide variety of clinical settings and presents a ...
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6 |
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Adrenal Hypoplasia
|
Adrenal hypoplasia is a condition in which there is underdevelopment or hypotrophy of the adrenal cortex due to several clinical conditions. It falls ...
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Adrenal Insufficiency
|
Adrenal glands produce hormones necessary for normal body functioning; the deficiency of these hormones is called adrenal insufficiency. Adrenal insuf ...
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6 |
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Adrenal Metastasis
|
Adrenal metastases are the most common malignant lesions involving the adrenal gland and the second most common tumor of the adrenal gland after benig ...
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5 |
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Adrenal Myelolipoma
|
Adrenal myelolipomas are benign adrenal neoplasm predominantly composed of mature adipose tissue and intermixed myeloid tissue. They comprise 6-16% of ...
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4 |
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Adrenalectomy
|
Adrenalectomy is performed to adrenal tumors that secret excess hormone and for those that are concerning for malignancy. There are many approached to ...
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1.25 |
9 |
Activity Info
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Adrenergic Drugs
|
Adrenergic drugs are a broad class of medications that bind to adrenergic receptors throughout the body. These receptors include: alpha-1, alpha-2, be ...
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6 |
Activity Info
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Adrenoleukodystrophy
|
Adrenoleukodystrophy is a peroxisomal disorder resulting from abnormal metabolism of the very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA). It is classified into di ...
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1.25 |
13 |
Activity Info
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Adult Acquired Flatfoot
|
Adult acquired flatfoot (AAFD), formerly described as posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD), is a debilitating condition with complex pathology d ...
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5 |
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Adult Dehydration
|
Dehydration is a common condition that affects patients of all ages. Dehydration may complicate other medical problems and may cause significant illne ...
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1.25 |
10 |
Activity Info
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Adult Diabetic Ketoacidosis
|
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is characterized by uncontrolled hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and increased body ketone concentration. It is a life- ...
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1.25 |
11 |
Activity Info
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Adult Inguinal Hernia
|
An inguinal hernia is one of the most common surgical pathologies encountered by a general surgeon. Worldwide, there are more than 20 million inguinal ...
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6 |
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Adult T Cell Leukemia
|
Adult T- cell leukemia (ATL) is a rare and aggressive peripheral T-cell neoplasm associated with human T-cell leukemia virus type -1 (HTLV-1) infectio ...
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1.25 |
8 |
Activity Info
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Advancement Flaps
|
Advancement flaps permit scar camouflage along cosmetic subunit junctions and play a vital role in wound coverage. Advancement flap design and executi ...
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1 |
4 |
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Advancing Wavelike Epitheliopathy
|
Advancing wavelike epitheliopathy (AWE) is a chronic or recurrent disorder characterized by well-demarcated, wavelike plaques of coarse, thickened cor ...
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1 |
6 |
Activity Info
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Adverse Effects Of Radiation Therapy
|
Radiotherapy causes DNA break and subsequent cell death. This affects the cancer cells more severely than the normal cells. However, with the growing ...
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6 |
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Adverse Events
|
Adverse events (AE) occur frequently in our medical system and at least one in ten patients are affected. An AE is a harmful and negative outcome that ...
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1.25 |
13 |
Activity Info
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Aerospace Decompression Illness
|
Decompression sickness in aviation is most commonly seen following flights in nonpressurized aircraft, in flights with cabin pressure fluctuations, or ...
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1 |
6 |
Activity Info
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Afatinib
|
Afatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is a widely used medication for non-small cell lung carcinoma. This activity educates health care providers on ...
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1 |
4 |
Activity Info
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Afferent Loop Syndrome
|
This activity reviews the etiology, evaluation, and management of afferent loop syndrome (ALS), with particular attention to the difference in managem ...
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1 |
7 |
Activity Info
|
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Aflatoxin Toxicity
|
Aflatoxins are metabolites produced by toxigenic strains of molds, mainly Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus which grow in soil, hay, decaying vege ...
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1 |
5 |
Activity Info
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African Trypanosomiasis
|
African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness is transmitted via the bite of the tsetse fly and is predominantly seen in subsaharan Africa. ...
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1 |
6 |
Activity Info
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Agammaglobulinemia
|
Agammaglobulinemia or hypogammaglobulinemia is a rare inherited immunodeficiency disorder, characterized by low or absent B cells with absent immunogl ...
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1.25 |
8 |
Activity Info
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Ageusia
|
Ageusia is a symptom reflecting various underline pathological conditions. It is a rare condition that is characterized by complete loss of the taste ...
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1 |
5 |
Activity Info
|
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Aggression
|
Aggression has been treated by both medications and psychotherapy, but relapses are common. Aggressive patients frequently run into legal problems bec ...
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1 |
7 |
Activity Info
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Aggression In Hypothalamic Hamartoma
|
Psychiatric symptoms are a common comorbid feature of hypothalamic hamartoma with epilepsy. They are most disabling and are a significant challenge fo ...
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5 |
Activity Info
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Agitation
|
Agitation is a nonspecific constellation of relatively unrelated behaviors that can be seen in various clinical situations, usually presenting with a ...
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1 |
6 |
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Agnosia
|
Agnosia is a rare disorder whereby a patient is unable to recognize and identify objects, persons, or sounds using one or more of their senses despite ...
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1.25 |
10 |
Activity Info
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Agoraphobia
|
Agoraphobia is the anxiety that occurs when one is in a public or crowded place, from which a potential escape is difficult, or help may not be readil ...
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1.25 |
8 |
Activity Info
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Agranulocytosis
|
Agranulocytosis is a condition in which the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is less than 100 neutrophils per microlitre of the blood. Agranulocytosis ...
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1 |
7 |
Activity Info
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Agraphia
|
Agraphia is an impairment or loss of a previous ability to write and can result from a number of etiologies. When agraphia results from disruptions to ...
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1 |
5 |
Activity Info
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Ainhum
|
Ainhum, also called dactylolysis spontanea, is a rare disease of fibrotic constricting bands that most commonly occur over digits. These rings of fibr ...
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1 |
4 |
Activity Info
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Air Leak
|
An air leak is the leakage of air from an air-containing cavity into spaces that under normal circumstances do not contain air. The term air leak synd ...
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4 |
Activity Info
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Airborne Precautions
|
An airborne disorder is any disease that is caused by a microorganism that is transmitted through the air. There are many airborne diseases that are o ...
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5 |
Activity Info
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Airway Assessment
|
A thorough, but brief, airway assessment is essential for the proper management of patients requiring advanced airway management. Indications for the ...
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1 |
6 |
Activity Info
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Airway For Laser Surgery
|
Maintenance of a patent airway and adequate ventilation during the surgery of the upper respiratory tract can be difficult due to the need to maintain ...
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1 |
4 |
Activity Info
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Airway Foreign Bodies
|
Foreign body aspiration is the fourth leading cause of death in preschool and younger age children and accounts for a significant number of emergency ...
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1.25 |
7 |
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Airway Glottic Insufficiency
|
Glottic insufficiency is characterized by incomplete closure of the vocal folds with phonation, which causes an increased risk of aspiration. Glottic ...
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5 |
Activity Info
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Airway Management
|
Interprofessional team members must be familiar with the important anatomical, physiological, and pathological features related to the airway and have ...
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1.75 |
19 |
Activity Info
|
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Airway Monitoring
|
Airway monitoring involves assessing both a patient’s ventilatory function and their ability to perform adequate gas exchange. Determining a patient’s ...
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1 |
5 |
Activity Info
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Airway Obstruction
|
Airway obstruction secondary to a foreign body is often easily treated, as the foreign body can be removed, and the patency of the airway restored. Ho ...
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1 |
4 |
Activity Info
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Airway Suctioning
|
Airway suctioning is a procedure routinely performed in inpatient and outpatient settings. It is important to maintain the patency of the natural or a ...
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1 |
6 |
Activity Info
|
|
Akathisia
|
Akathisia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome that can occur as an adverse effect of antipsychotic medications and manifests as psychomotor restlessness. I ...
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1.25 |
11 |
Activity Info
|
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Akinesia
|
Akinesia or "absent movement" is a clinical sign that could be indicative of a number of disorders, depending on the age group of the patient. The var ...
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1 |
5 |
Activity Info
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Ala Dehydratase Deficiency Porphyria
|
ALA dehydratase porphyria is an extremely rare type of acute porphyria that follows a chronic course punctuated by acute attacks. To avoid multiple re ...
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1 |
6 |
Activity Info
|
|
Alagille Syndrome
|
Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is a multisystem autosomal dominant disorder with a wide variety of clinical manifestations. It is also known as arteriohepat ...
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1 |
6 |
Activity Info
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Albendazole
|
Albendazole has FDA approval for the treatment of cystic hydatid disease of the liver, lung, and peritoneum resulting from the larval form of the dog ...
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1.25 |
9 |
Activity Info
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Albinism
|
Albinism is a group of heritable conditions associated with decreased or absent melanin in ectoderm-derived tissues (most notably the skin, hair, and ...
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1 |
4 |
Activity Info
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Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy
|
Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) is a hereditary condition due to inactivating GNAS1 gene mutation. AHO is characterized by a round face, shor ...
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1 |
5 |
Activity Info
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Albumin Colloid
|
Albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood and accounts for about 50 percent of all plasma proteins. It gets synthesized by the liver and secre ...
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1 |
7 |
Activity Info
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Albuterol
|
Albuterol is used for the treatment and prevention of bronchospasm (acute or severe) in patients with reversible obstructive airway disease. It also h ...
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1.25 |
9 |
Activity Info
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Alcohol and Substance Abuse Evaluation and Treatment in American Indians and Alaska Natives
|
Alaskan Natives and American Indians comprise a diverse population with a distinct variation in alcohol and substance abuse rates due to geographic lo ...
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1 |
5 |
Activity Info
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Alcohol Related Psychosis
|
Psychosis associated with alcohol can occur with acute intoxication, alcohol withdrawal, and chronic alcoholism. Alcohol-related psychosis is also kno ...
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1 |
6 |
Activity Info
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Alcohol Sanitizer
|
Compliance with hand hygiene recommendations is critical to reducing colonization and infection, specifically among healthcare workers (HCW). This wil ...
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1 |
3 |
Activity Info
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Alcohol Use Disorder
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Alcohol use disorder is very common in the United States. The cause of alcohol use disorder is not well understood; however, several factors are thou ...
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22 |
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Alcohol Withdrawal
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Alcohol withdrawal symptoms usually appear when an individual discontinues or reduces alcohol intake after a period of prolonged consumption. In most ...
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1.5 |
17 |
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Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy
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Alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a cardiac disease caused by chronic alcohol consumption. It is characterized by ventricular dilation and impairment ...
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7 |
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Alcoholic Hepatitis
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Alcoholic hepatitis is a severe syndrome related to alcoholic liver disease. It is characterized by rapid onset of jaundice, malaise, tender hepatomeg ...
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5 |
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Alcoholic Ketoacidosis
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Alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA) is a condition seen commonly in patients with alcohol use disorder or after a bout of heavy drinking. It is a clinical di ...
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Alcoholic Liver Disease
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The first stage of alcoholic liver disease is hepatic steatosis, which involves the accumulation of small fat droplets under liver cells approaching t ...
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12 |
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Alcoholic Neuropathy
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Alcoholic neuropathy is one of the most common adverse effects of chronic alcohol consumption. There is damage to the nerves due to the direct toxic e ...
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4 |
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Alcoholic Pancreatitis
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Pancreatitis is defined as inflammation of the pancreas, leading to damage and dysfunction of the retroperitoneal organ. It can be classified as Acute ...
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8 |
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Alendronate
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Alendronate is FDA-approved for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis, steroid-induced osteoporosis, ...
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6 |
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Alexander Disease
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Alexander disease is a relatively rare leukodystrophy that generally presents in the infantile period, although other variants are occasionally seen. ...
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5 |
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Alexia
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Alexia is a rare condition in which reading comprehension is nonexistent or significantly limited due to brain injury, damage, or trauma. It can be as ...
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6 |
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Alfentanil
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Alfentanil is a short-acting opioid analgesic commonly compared to fentanyl, a medication that is ubiquitous in the hospital setting along with remife ...
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Aliskiren
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Aliskiren is a direct renin inhibitor medication that is FDA approved to treat hypertension in adults and children six years and older. It may be used ...
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7 |
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ALK Negative Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
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ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK(-) ALCL) is an uncommon CD30-positive T-cell lymphoma that presents a major diagnostic challenge. It ...
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7 |
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Alkali Toxicity
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Alkali toxicity, though rare, can lead to serious medical problems. Adult caustic ingestions are usually intentional, involving more substantial amou ...
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4 |
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Alkalosis
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Alkalosis is an abnormal pathophysiological condition characterized by the buildup of excess base or alkali in the body. It results in an abnormally h ...
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5 |
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Alkaptonuria
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Alkaptonuria is a rare genetic inborn error of protein metabolism. It is the result of the deficiency of an enzyme (homogentisate 1,2 dioxygenase - HG ...
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5 |
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Allen Test
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The Allen test (AT) is used to assess collateral blood flow to the hands. The radial artery is easily palpable. The need for this test arises from the ...
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3 |
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Allergic And Environmental Induced Asthma
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Asthma is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Numerous studies have shown that early institution of inhaled corticosteroids ...
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7 |
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Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
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Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a common fungal infection in uncontrolled asthmatics, cystic fibrosis patients, and immunocompromise ...
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8 |
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Allergic Conjunctivitis
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Allergic conjunctivitis is encountered in up to 40 percent of the population, but only a small proportion of affected individuals seek medical help. I ...
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Allergic Contact Dermatitis
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Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a type 4 or delayed-type hypersensitivity response (DTH) by an individual’s immune system to a small molecule (le ...
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6 |
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Allergic Interstitial Nephritis
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Allergic interstitial nephritis (AIN) is the most common form of acute interstitial nephritis. It is most often caused by exposure to a drug. AIN is o ...
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Allergic Rhinitis
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Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an atopic disease presenting with symptoms of sneezing, nasal congestion, clear rhinorrhea, and nasal pruritis. It is an IgE ...
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Allergy
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Allergy is described as an exaggerated response from the body’s immune system to otherwise inert substances present in the environment. The usual symp ...
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11 |
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Allergy Immunotherapy
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Allergy immunotherapy (AIT), which is also termed allergen desensitization or hypo-sensitization was first introduced by Leonard Noon and John Freeman ...
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7 |
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Allgrove Syndrome
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Allgrove syndrome (AS) or 3A syndrome (AAA) is characterized by a triad of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) resistant adrenal insufficiency, alacri ...
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3 |
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Allodynia
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Allodynia is defined as "pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain." An example would be a light feather touch (that should only prod ...
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6 |
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Allopurinol
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Allopurinol is a urate-lowering medication that is FDA approved for the management of gout, prevention of tumor lysis syndrome, and prevention of recu ...
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13 |
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Almotriptan
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Almotriptan is a medication used in the management and treatment of acute migraines. It is in the triptan 5-HT class of drugs. This activity reviews t ...
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Alogliptin
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Alogliptin was first approved by the FDA in January 2013 and is indicated to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). ...
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4 |
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Alopecia
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The term alopecia means hair loss regardless of the cause. It is not exclusive to the scalp; it can be anywhere in the body. Many therapies are availa ...
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Alopecia Areata
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Alopecia areata (AA) is a form of alopecia that impacts hair follicles, nails, and rarely, the retinal pigment epithelium. It typically presents with ...
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9 |
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Alosetron
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Alosetron is a medication used to manage and treat severe diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). It is in the class of 5-HT receptor a ...
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Alpers-Huttenlocher Syndrome
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Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome (AHS) is a rare disease that is important to consider in children presenting with neurologic and hepatic symptoms. This a ...
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Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
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Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is a clinically under-recognized genetic disorder that causes the defective production of alpha-1 antitrypsin pro ...
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Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Mutation
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Alpha-1 antitrypsin is a protease inhibitor produced primarily in the liver. It inhibits the neutrophil elastase activity in the lung and hence can pr ...
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Alpha 1 Receptor Agonists
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Alpha-1 agonists are a class of medications used in the management of many disorders, including vasodilatory shock, hypotension, hypoperfusion, septic ...
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Alpha Adrenergic Receptors
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The indication for the use of an alpha-receptor modifying medication depends on which receptor is the target: the alpha-1 receptor or the alpha-2 rece ...
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Alpha Blockers
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Alpha-blockers are medications used in the management and treatment of essential hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and pheochromocytom ...
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Activity Info
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Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors
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Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) are a group of antidiabetic drugs used for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This activity outlines the ...
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Alpha Receptor Agonist Toxicity
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Alpha-adrenergic agonist toxicity is due to a broad group of pharmaceutical agents known as alpha agonists, which can be further broken down into cent ...
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Alpha Thalassemia
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Hemoglobin H disease (alpha-thalassemia) can be found in patients that live in areas with a high incidence of malaria. Symptoms at presentation, such ...
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Alpha-Lipoic Acid
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Alpha-lipoic acid is a medication used in managing and treating chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress such as diabetic neuropathy and slow ...
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3 |
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Alport Syndrome
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Alport syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by kidney disease, loss of hearing, and eye abnormalities. It takes place due to an abnormality o ...
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Alprazolam
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Alprazolam, known by various trade names, is the most commonly prescribed psychotropic medication in the United States. Alprazolam is frequently presc ...
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Alprostadil
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Alprostadil is a medication used in the management and treatment of erectile dysfunction in males and for temporary patency of ductus arteriosus in ne ...
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Activity Info
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Alteplase
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Alteplase is a thrombolytic agent that is manufactured by recombinant DNA technology. It is FDA approved for use in acute ischemic stroke, pulmonary e ...
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7 |
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Alternobaric Facial Paresis
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Alternobaric facial paresis, facial baroparesis, baroparesis facialis, or alternobaric facial nerve palsy is a neurapraxia of the seventh cranial nerv ...
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Alternobaric Vertigo
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Alternobaric vertigo is a benign condition that affects individuals traveling in environments with changing ambient pressures, such as scuba diving or ...
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Altitude Induced Pulmonary Hypertension
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This activity describes the development of pulmonary hypertension due to high altitude. We describe a phenomenon known as HAPH (high altitude pulmonar ...
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Aluminum Hydroxide
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Aluminum hydroxide is a medication used in the management and treatment of acid indigestion. It is in the antacid class of drugs. This activity outlin ...
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7 |
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Alveolar Proteinosis
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Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is a rare disease characterized by an accumulation of a lipoproteinaceous material within the alveoli. It can be idiopa ...
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Alzheimer Disease
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Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of a decline in cognitive ability. It is a neurodegenerative disorder that usually affects people over ...
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Amantadine
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Amantadine is an antiviral agent with mild antiparkinsonian activity. Amantadine was used in the early 2000s for Influenza A treatment. However, high ...
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Amantadine Keratopathy
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Amantadine keratopathy is a rare dose-dependent disease process in which the drug amantadine causes damage to corneal endothelial cells through unknow ...
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Amatoxin Mushroom Toxicity
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Amatoxin containing mushrooms are a rare but significant cause of acute fulminant liver failure. However, not all Amanita species have this toxin, and ...
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Amaurosis Fugax
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The term amaurosis fugax is often used interchangeably to describe transient visual loss (TVL). However, it is employed widely in medicine to refer to ...
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Ambiguous Genitalia And Disorders of Sexual Differentiation
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Infants born with a disorder of sex development (DSD) prompt multiple medical, surgical, ethical, psychosocial, and physical issues for patients and t ...
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Amblyopia
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Amblyopia (lazy eye) is a disorder of the sight due to the eye and brain not working together resulting in decreased vision in an eye that typically a ...
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Amebiasis
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Amebiasis or amoebic dysentery is a parasitic intestinal infection caused by any of the amoebas of the Entamoeba group. It may be asymptomatic or pres ...
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Amebic Colitis
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Amebic colitis results from invasive infection of the colonic mucosa by Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica). Losch first reported disease due to E. ...
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Amebic Liver Abscess
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Amebic liver abscess is the most common extra-intestinal manifestation of the protozoan, Entamoeba histolytica. The life cycle involves consumption of ...
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Amebic Meningoencephalitis
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Amebic encephalitis is a rare but lethal central nervous system infection caused by free-living amoebae found in freshwater, lakes, and rivers. There ...
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Amegakaryocytic Thrombocytopenia
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Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia is a severe form of thrombocytopenia with reduced or absent megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. It can be congenital o ...
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Ameloblastoma
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Ameloblastomas are rare, odontogenic tumors derived from odontogenic ectoderm. Ameloblastomas represent about 1% of all jaw tumors, but they are the s ...
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Amenorrhea
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Amenorrhea is defined as the absence of menstruation during the reproductive years of a woman's life. Physiological states of amenorrhea are seen, mos ...
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American Society of Anesthesiologists Classification
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The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification system was developed to offer clinicians a simple categorization of a p ...
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Amikacin
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Amikacin is an antimicrobial with activity against more resistant gram-negative bacilli such as Acinetobacter baumanii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It ...
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Amiloride
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Amiloride is a medication used in the management and treatment of hypertension and heart failure. It is in the diuretic class of drugs. This activity ...
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8 |
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Aminocaproic Acid
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Aminocaproic acid, an antifibrinolytic agent, is a medication used to manage and treat acute bleeding disorders. This activity outlines the indication ...
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Aminoglycosides
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While aminoglycosides are an older class of medication, they continue to be clinically valuable. Aminoglycosides have a broad spectrum of activity cov ...
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Aminophylline
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Aminophylline is FDA approved for the treatment of reversible airway obstruction due to asthma or other chronic lung diseases. This activity illustrat ...
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Amiodarone
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Amiodarone is one of the most commonly used anti-arrhythmic drugs. While the United States FDA has labeled amiodarone for the treatment of life-threat ...
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Amitriptyline
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Amitriptyline is FDA approved medication to treat depression in adults. The Non-FDA approved indications are anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, ...
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8 |
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Amlodipine
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Amlodipine is an oral dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. Compared to nifedipine and other medications in the dihydropyridine class, amlodipine h ...
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Ammonia Toxicity
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Ammonia toxicity occurs when susceptible individuals suffer exposure to external sources of ammonia via ingestion, inhalation, direct contact with ski ...
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4 |
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Amniocentesis
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Amniocentesis is the aspiration of amniotic fluid from the amniotic cavity and is the most common invasive fetal testing procedure. It is usually perf ...
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Amniotic Band Syndrome
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Amniotic band syndrome (ABS) comprises various congenital anomalies, which include disruption, deformation, and malformations of organs that were inte ...
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Amniotic Fluid Embolism
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Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare entity, but one which has very high mortality and morbidity rates. This article will explain the clinical pres ...
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Amniotic Membrane Graft
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The human amniotic membrane grafting is used as an adjunctive procedure across surgical specialties and in translational medicine to cultivate stem ce ...
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Amniotomy
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Amniotomy, also known as artificial rupture of membranes (AROM) or colloquially known as "breaking the water," is the intentional rupture of the amnio ...
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Amoxapine
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Amoxapine is an FDA approved drug belonging to the class of second-generation tricyclic dibenzoxazepine antidepressants. Generally, it is reserved for ...
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Amoxicillin
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Amoxicillin is one of the most commonly used antibiotics in the primary care setting. It is an amino-penicillin, created by adding an extra amino grou ...
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Amoxicillin Clavulanate
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Amoxicillin-clavulanate is a mainstay antibiotic in emergency departments and primary care offices throughout the country. It is a combination of two ...
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Amphetamine
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Amphetamine is a medication used in the management and treatment of ADHD and narcolepsy. It is classified as a central nervous system stimulant. This ...
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Amphetamine Related Psychiatric Disorders
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Amphetamines belong to a class of compounds called phenethylamines which induce catecholaminergic effects in the CNS and peripheral circulation. Recre ...
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Amphetamine Toxicity
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Amphetamine abuse is widespread, and overdose is associated with significant and negative impacts on the cardiovascular and neurological systems. Pati ...
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Amphotericin B
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Amphotericin B deoxycholate belongs to the polyene class of antifungals. It is also known by the name conventional amphotericin B and has been used fo ...
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Ampicillin
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Ampicillin is a medication used in the management and treatment of certain bacterial infections. It is in the penicillin class of medications. This ac ...
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Ampicillin/Sulbactam
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Ampicillin/sulbactam combination shows synergy to cover strains of bacteria resistant to ampicillin, thus providing broader coverage. This combo adds ...
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Ampullary Cancer
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Ampullary cancer arises from ampulla of Vater terminal to the confluence of the distal common bile duct (CBD) and the pancreatic duct. It is important ...
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Amsler Grid
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Wet age-related macular degeneration is a leading cause of severe vision loss in the elderly population, both in the United States and worldwide. Earl ...
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Amyloidosis
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Amyloidosis is a heterogeneous acquired or hereditary disease that results from the abnormal deposition of beta-sheet fibrillar protein aggregates in ...
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6 |
Activity Info
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as “Lou Gehrig’s disease,” is a neurodegenerative disease of the motor neurons. This activity reviews ...
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Anabolic Steroid Toxicity
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Anabolic steroids such as testosterone are produced naturally and enhance protein synthesis at the cellular level. There are also synthetic analogs av ...
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Anabolic Steroid Use Disorder
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Androgen use has become a major public health concern due to the transition of use of androgens from strictly sports to a much wider spectrum of the ...
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Activity Info
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Anabolic Steroids
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Anabolic steroids (also known as androgenic steroids) are synthetic derivatives of testosterone. Legal, as well as the illegal use of anabolic steroid ...
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Activity Info
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Anaerobic Infections
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Anaerobic bacteria are part of the normal flora of human skin and mucosal membranes. The site of anaerobic infection is commonly the site of normal co ...
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Anagen Effluvium
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Anagen effluvium is a form of nonscarring alopecia commonly associated with chemotherapy. In this disorder, affected anagen hairs suffer a toxic or in ...
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Activity Info
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Anal Cancer
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Anal cancer is a rare tumor comprising only 2.5% of all digestive system malignancies in the United States. The pathophysiology of the development of ...
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6 |
Activity Info
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Anal Fissures
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An anal fissure is a superficial tear in the skin distal to the dentate line. Anal fissures are common in those with a history of constipation or hard ...
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Anal Fistulotomy
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Seton placement for anal fistulas is an accepted procedure in the treatment of anal fistulas that are deep to the sphincter complex. This activity rev ...
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7 |
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Analgesic Nephropathy
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Analgesic nephropathy is chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis caused by chronic use of analgesics such as acetaminophen, aspirin, and NSAIDs as the pr ...
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Activity Info
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Anaphylaxis
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Anaphylaxis is an acute, life-threatening hypersensitivity disorder, defined as a generalized, rapidly evolving, multi-systemic allergic reaction. Ana ...
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22 |
Activity Info
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Anaplasma Phagocytophilum
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Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a gram-negative intracellular bacteria that causes an acute febrile illness known as anaplasmosis or human granulocytic a ...
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Activity Info
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Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
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Anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive (ALK+) anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), is a T-cell lymphoma characterized by large, pleomorphic lymphoid ce ...
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Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
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Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, also known as undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma, is a rare, highly aggressive malignant tumor accounting for 2 to 3 per ...
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Anasarca
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Anasarca is a serious condition in which there is a generalized accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. This accumulation of fluid occurs whe ...
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3 |
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ANCA Positive Vasculitis
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Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitides are a heterogeneous group of rare autoimmune conditions that causes an inflammati ...
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Ancylostoma
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Ancylostoma duodenale, the human hookworm, is the most common parasitic infection in countries with poor access to adequate water, sanitation, and hyg ...
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7 |
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Andexanet Alfa
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Andexanet alfa is a recombinant modified Factor Xa protein approved by the FDA in May 2018 for the reversal of apixaban and rivaroxaban in patients wi ...
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Activity Info
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Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
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Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a common etiology of sexual developmental disorders and results in varying phenotypes. These disorders of and ...
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Activity Info
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Androgen Replacement
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Testosterone is FDA-approved as replacement therapy in men who have low testosterone levels and those with symptoms of hypogonadism. It is essential t ...
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Androgenetic Alopecia
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Androgenetic alopecia is a genetically predetermined disorder due to an excessive response to androgens. This condition affects up to 50 percent of ma ...
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Anembryonic Pregnancy
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A blighted ovum, also known as an anembryonic pregnancy, occurs when a fertilized egg implants and a gestational (embryonic) sac forms and grows, but ...
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1 |
5 |
Activity Info
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Anemia
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Anemia is a reduction in hemoglobin (Hb) or hematocrit (HCT) or RBC count. It is a presentation of an underlying condition and can be subdivided into ...
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1.25 |
9 |
Activity Info
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Anemia Of Chronic Renal Disease
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Anemia of chronic renal disease, also known as anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD), is a form of normocytic, normochromic, hypoproliferative anemia ...
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1.25 |
9 |
Activity Info
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Anesthesia Inhalation Agents Cardiovascular Effects
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Many providers lack thorough knowledge of the effects of inhaled anesthetics on the cardiovascular system. This can lead to significant intra-operativ ...
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4 |
Activity Info
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Anesthesia Monitoring Of Mixed Venous Saturation
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While oxygen saturation refers to the percentage of hemoglobin bound to oxygen within red blood cells, mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) refers to ...
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5 |
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Anesthesia Vaporizers
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Anesthetic vaporizers are an essential piece of anesthesia equipment. This activity reviews the modern anesthetic vaporizer classification, the physic ...
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4 |
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Anesthetic Gases
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Anesthetic gases (nitrous oxide, halothane, isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane), also known as inhaled anesthetics, are administered as primary thera ...
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5 |
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Anetoderma
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Anetoderma is a benign, uncommon skin disorder of elastolysis, causing discrete focal areas of flaccid skin. Anetoderma has no racial predilection. It ...
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5 |
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Aneurysmal Bone Cysts
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Aneurysmal bone cysts are non-malignant, tumor-like, vascular lesions that can grow aggressively, be locally destructive, and weaken bones to the poin ...
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6 |
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Angelman Syndrome
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Angelman syndrome is a rare disorder caused by loss of function of the maternal UBE3A. It presents in childhood with psychomotor delay, absent speech, ...
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6 |
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Angina
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Angina is the most common symptom of ischemic heart disease, which is the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Approximately 9 million pa ...
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1.5 |
17 |
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Angiodysplasia
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Angiodysplasia is an abnormal, tortuous, dilated small blood vessel in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the GI tract. It is the most common vascul ...
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1.25 |
10 |
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Angioedema
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Angioedema is non-pitting edema that involves subcutaneous and/or submucosal layers of tissue that affects the face, lips, neck, and extremities, oral ...
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7 |
Activity Info
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Angiography
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Angiography is performed to image the anatomical and structural details of the vascular system, including the cardiac chambers. Initially used for str ...
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5 |
Activity Info
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Angioid Streaks
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Angioid streaks occur due to breaks in a degenerated and mineralized Bruch's membrane, that typically radiate outward from the optic disc. Angioid st ...
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5 |
Activity Info
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Angiokeratoma Circumscriptum
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Angiokeratomas are a group of capillary malformations characterized by vascular ectasias of the papillary dermis associated with hyperkeratosis, papil ...
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5 |
Activity Info
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Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia With Eosinophilia
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Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE), also known as epithelioid hemangioma, is an uncommon, benign vasoproliferative disorder. The patho ...
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5 |
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Angioma Serpiginosum
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Angioma serpiginosum is a benign vascular condition. It is characterized by pinpoint violaceous to coppery-red punctate maculopapular eruptions that c ...
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Angioneurotic Edema
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Angioneurotic edema is a relatively common presentation in the emergency department. It presents as unpredictable frequent edematous episodes of cutan ...
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5 |
Activity Info
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Angioplasty
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Angioplasty with or without stenting is a nonsurgical procedure used to open clogged or narrow coronary arteries due to underlying atherosclerosis. Th ...
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4 |
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Angiosarcoma
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Angiosarcoma is a tumor of endothelial cell-origin that comprises 1% of all soft tissue sarcomas. It is an aggressive malignancy that carries a poor p ...
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5 |
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Angiostrongylus Cantonensis
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Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a metastrongyloid nematode that is one of the most common pathogens to cause eosinophilic meningitis. Commonly referred ...
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5 |
Activity Info
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Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEI)
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ACE inhibitors are medications used in the treatment and management of hypertension, which is a significant risk factor for coronary disease, heart fa ...
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1.75 |
24 |
Activity Info
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Angiotensin II
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Angiotensin is a peptide endocrine hormone and an important part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, an inter-related endocrine system import ...
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8 |
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Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB)
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Pharmaceutical RAAS blockade is a common and successful strategy in treating several diseases, including hypertension, congestive heart failure, and c ...
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7 |
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Angular Chelitis
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Angular cheilitis describes an inflammatory skin process of variable etiology occurring at the labial commissure, the angle of the mouth. It is usuall ...
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5 |
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Anhidrosis
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Anhidrosis is the inability to sweat. It is important to recognize anhidrosis as it can be potentially life-threatening due to heat-related illnesses. ...
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1 |
5 |
Activity Info
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Anifrolumab
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Anifrolumab is a novel investigational agent used in the management and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It is a fully humanized IgG1k ...
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6 |
Activity Info
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Animal Bites
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Animal bites account for approximately one percent of all emergency visits in the U.S. yearly and can range from superficial injuries to disfiguring a ...
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1.25 |
8 |
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Animal Zoonotic Related Diseases
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Zoonotic diseases are increasingly important due to the interaction between humans and animal habitats. To avoid the high morbidity and mortality ass ...
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5 |
Activity Info
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Aniridia
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Aniridia is defined as a partial or complete absence of the iris. It may be associated with various systemic disorders and multiple ocular morbidities ...
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6 |
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Aniridic Fibrosis Syndrome
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Aniridic fibrosis syndrome is a rare complication of invasive intraocular surgery (especially cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation) ...
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5 |
Activity Info
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Anisocoria
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Anisocoria is a condition characterized by unequal pupil size. The etiology of anisocoria is complex, ranging from benign to potentially life-threaten ...
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5 |
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Ankle Arthrocentesis
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Acute arthritis, particularly monoarthropathy, is a common acute presentation. In regards to the ankle, there is not always a clear etiology for the m ...
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5 |
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Ankle Brachial Index
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The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a non-invasive tool for the assessment of vascular status. It consists of the ratio between the systolic blood press ...
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4 |
Activity Info
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Ankle Dislocation
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An ankle dislocation occurs when there is an abnormal separation between the talo-tibial joint. This most often occurs concomitantly with an ankle fra ...
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9 |
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Ankle Fractures
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Acute ankle fractures can affect many different structures. Classification systems can help delineate the mechanism of injury and the structures damag ...
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11 |
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Ankle Splinting
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Splinting is primarily used to immobilize a joint to allow for pain control, injury stabilization, and ultimately tissue healing. In the acute setting ...
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6 |
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Ankyloglossia
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Ankyloglossia, also known as tongue-tie, is a short lingual frenum that interferes with normal tongue movement. It is an uncommon congenital oral anom ...
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10 |
Activity Info
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Ankylosing Spondylitis
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Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the axial spine. Chronic back pain and progressive spinal stiffness are the most common f ...
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36 |
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Annular Disc Tear
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An annular fissure or tear is a deficiency of one or more layers of the annulus fibrosus. Most annular fissures are asymptomatic, but some may be pain ...
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10 |
Activity Info
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Annular Pancreas
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Annular pancreas (AP) is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by encasement of the duodenum by a band of pancreatic tissue. AP is not commonly enco ...
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5 |
Activity Info
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Anorectal Fistula
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An anorectal fistula is a connection between the anorectal canal and perianal area. It is a morbid condition that commonly occurs following perianal a ...
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5 |
Activity Info
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Anorectal Malformations
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The management of anorectal malformations is challenging and exceptionally complex. To achieve appropriate outcomes in children with this diagnosis, ...
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4 |
Activity Info
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Anorexia and Cachexia
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Cachexia is a significant loss of muscle and adipose tissue. It occurs in patients with advanced cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chroni ...
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1 |
7 |
Activity Info
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Anorexia Nervosa
|
Anorexia nervosa is defined by a restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, which leads to significantly low body weight. Patients with th ...
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1.75 |
21 |
Activity Info
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Anoscopy
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Anoscopy is a bedside procedure that is inexpensive and can be performed quickly without bowel preparation or sedation. With this method, the examiner ...
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5 |
Activity Info
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Anosmia
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Anosmia is the inability to perceive smell/odor. It can be temporary or permanent and acquired or congenital. There are many causes. Neurological caus ...
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2 |
Activity Info
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Anosognosia
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Anosognosia is a neurological condition in which the patient is unaware of their neurological deficit or psychiatric condition. It is associated with ...
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4 |
Activity Info
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Anovulatory Bleeding
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Abnormal uterine bleeding due to ovulatory dysfunction causes irregular and often heavy menses. This condition, if left untreated, can have a signific ...
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6 |
Activity Info
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Anoxic Encephalopathy
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Anoxic encephalopathy, or hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, is a process that begins with the cessation of cerebral blood flow to brain tissue, which mos ...
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1.5 |
16 |
Activity Info
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Antacids
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Antacids are a group of drugs that have been on the market for many years. They were initially first-line defense against peptic ulcer disease; howeve ...
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1.25 |
10 |
Activity Info
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Antalgic Gait in Adults
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Antalgic gait is one of the most common forms of altered gait in patients presenting to the emergency department and primary care offices. It refers t ...
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5 |
Activity Info
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Antalgic Gait In Children
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Antalgic gait is common in pediatric patients. The differential diagnosis is broad and includes both benign and more serious etiologies. A careful his ...
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6 |
Activity Info
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Antepartum Care
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Antepartum care comprises a significant percentage of health maintenance visits in the United States. Also referred to as prenatal care, antepartum ma ...
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5 |
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Antepartum Infections
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This activity reviews the evaluation and management of antepartum infections and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in improving matern ...
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1.25 |
8 |
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Anterior Cerebral Artery Stroke
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Anterior cerebral artery stokes occur in the territory of the anterior cerebral artery which involve the superior and medial part of the parietal lobe ...
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1.25 |
10 |
Activity Info
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Anterior Cord Syndrome
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Anterior cord syndrome is an incomplete cord syndrome that predominantly affects the anterior 2/3 of the spinal cord, characteristically resulting in ...
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5 |
Activity Info
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Anterior Cruciate Ligament Knee Injuries
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The anterior cruciate ligament is one of the two cruciate ligaments that aids in stabilizing the knee joint. It is the most commonly injured ligament ...
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9 |
Activity Info
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Anterior Elbow Dislocation
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The elbow is one of the most common large joints to be dislocated. Anterior elbow dislocations are a rare injury due to the high force and position ne ...
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5 |
Activity Info
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Anterior Epistaxis Nasal Pack
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Among the nasal emergencies, epistaxis is one of the most common chief complaints in patients presenting to the emergency department. Typically, anter ...
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4 |
Activity Info
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Anterior Glenohumeral Joint Dislocation
|
Anterior glenohumeral joint dislocations are the most commonly encountered joint dislocations. They can be the result of low or high-energy trauma. Th ...
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7 |
Activity Info
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Anterior Hip Dislocation
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Anterior hip dislocations are usually caused by forceful abduction with external rotation of the thigh and most commonly following a motor vehicle acc ...
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5 |
Activity Info
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Anterior Interosseous Syndrome
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Anterior interosseus syndrome is an isolated palsy of flexor pollicus longus, the index and long fingers of the flexor digitorum profundus, and the pr ...
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5 |
Activity Info
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Anterior Mediastinal Mass
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The most common anterior mediastinal masses in the adult population are thymoma, teratoma, thyroid goiter, and lymphoma. This activity describes the e ...
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7 |
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Anterior Myocardial Infarction
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Anterior myocardial infarction (AMI) is a common heart disease associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Advancement in diagnosis and treat ...
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7 |
Activity Info
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Anterior Shoulder Instability
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Anterior shoulder instability is defined as soft-tissue or bony insult of the shoulder that causes the humeral head to sublux or dislocate from the gl ...
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1.25 |
7 |
Activity Info
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Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome
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The anterior spinal artery syndrome refers to ischemic infarction of the spinal cord resulting from direct occlusion of the anterior spinal artery, ar ...
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5 |
Activity Info
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Anterior Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
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Anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome occurs due to compression or entrapment of the deep peroneal nerve. Most commonly, the deep peroneal nerve becomes ent ...
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Activity Info
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Anteroseptal Myocardial Infarction
|
Anteroseptal myocardial infarctions are commonly caused by the rupture of an unstable atherosclerotic plaque in the left anterior descending artery. D ...
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6 |
Activity Info
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Anthracycline Medications (Doxorubicin)
|
Doxorubicin is an anthracycline class medication used in the management and treatment of various types of malignancies and tumors. This activity will ...
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5 |
Activity Info
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Anthracyclines
|
Anthracyclines are drugs extracted from Streptomyces spp and used in the treatment of various types of cancers. These agents are among the most effect ...
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1 |
6 |
Activity Info
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Anthrax
|
Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by an encapsulated, spore-forming, gram-variable bacteria called Bacillus anthracis. This commonly presents wi ...
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1 |
6 |
Activity Info
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Anthrax Infection
|
Anthrax is a spore-forming rod that is readily found in soil in tropical environments. Anthrax has many features that make it an optimal biologic weap ...
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6 |
Activity Info
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Antiarrhythmic Medications
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The antiarrhythmic medications have typically been categorized according to the Vaughan-Williams (VW) classification system. The system classifies the ...
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1.5 |
15 |
Activity Info
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Antibiotic Resistance
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Antibiotics are powerful drugs that are used to combat once fatal diseases. As with any powerful medication, antibiotics carry a wide range of adverse ...
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5 |
Activity Info
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Antibody Deficiency Disorder
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Antibody deficiency disorders may present soon after birth with recurrent infections. Normal individuals have 5 classes of immunoglobulins and several ...
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4 |
Activity Info
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Anticholinergic Medications
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Anticholinergic medications are used in the management and treatment of a wide range of diseases. This activity illustrates the indications, action, ...
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1.25 |
11 |
Activity Info
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Anticholinergic Toxicity
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Anticholinergic toxicity is commonly seen in the emergency department but is rarely fatal. According to the 2015 annual American Association of Poison ...
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7 |
Activity Info
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Anticoagulation
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This activity reviews the general principles in anticoagulation therapy, with highlights on the different types, indications, and perioperative impact ...
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5 |
Activity Info
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Anticoagulation Safety
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One class of drugs that has been implicated in serious adverse drugs reactions for many decades are the oral anticoagulants, especially warfarin. Ther ...
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1.25 |
7 |
Activity Info
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Anticonvulsants Toxicity
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Anticonvulsants, or antiepileptics, are an ever-growing class of medications that act through multiple different mechanisms to control seizures. Antie ...
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1 |
4 |
Activity Info
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Antidepressants
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While antidepressants may be the drug of choice for depression, they also have FDA approval as treatments for other medical disorders. For example, an ...
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1.25 |
10 |
Activity Info
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Antidotes
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Overdoses and accidental ingestions or exposures are common throughout the world. With more than 2.4 million toxic exposures each year, poisoning is ...
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1 |
5 |
Activity Info
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Antiemetic Antimuscarinics
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Scopolamine is a medication used in the management and treatment of motion sickness and postoperative nausea/vomiting. It is in the antimuscarinic cla ...
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7 |
Activity Info
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Antiemetic Histamine H1 Receptor Blockers
|
First-generation antihistamines have several indications that primarily include nausea and vomiting secondary to motion sickness and vertigo, but seco ...
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1 |
5 |
Activity Info
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Antiemetic Medications
|
Nausea is a commonly encountered symptom in healthcare, one that is difficult for any patient. Causes may be as simple as the body's defense against a ...
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1 |
6 |
Activity Info
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Antiemetic Neurokinin-1 Receptor Blockers
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Neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor antagonists are a new class of antiemetic drugs that possess unique anxiolytic, antidepressant, and antiemetic properties ...
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6 |
Activity Info
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Antiemetic Serotonin-5-HT3 Receptor Blockers
|
Selective serotonin receptor (5-HT3) antagonists block serotonin both peripherally, on gastrointestinal (GI) vagal nerve terminals, and centrally in t ...
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6 |
Activity Info
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Antiepileptic Drug Monitoring
|
Antiepileptic drug-level monitoring has been a common clinical practice since the advent of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The practice of maintaining AE ...
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6 |
Activity Info
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Antifungal Antibiotics
|
Fungi are unicellular or multi-cellular eukaryotic organisms that exist in all environments worldwide. While most fungi do not play a significant role ...
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1.25 |
11 |
Activity Info
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Antifungal Ergosterol Synthesis Inhibitors
|
The ergosterol inhibitor class of medications ("conazoles") is used in the management and treatment of fungal infections. These drugs inhibit ergoster ...
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1.25 |
10 |
Activity Info
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Antihistamine Toxicity
|
In 1943, as the planet was engulfed in WWII and the United States was officially announcing the end of The Great Depression, the most common modern an ...
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1 |
4 |
Activity Info
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Antihistamines
|
Antihistamines are a pharmaceutical class of drugs that act to treat histamine-mediated conditions. There are two main classes of histamine receptors: ...
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1.25 |
9 |
Activity Info
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Antihypertensive Medications
|
Hypertension (HTN) is considered one of the leading causes of increased cardiovascular disease. Lowering blood pressure does reduce cardiovascular ris ...
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1.25 |
6 |
Activity Info
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Antilipemic Agent Bile Acid Sequestrants
|
Bile acid sequestrants are FDA approved to manage hypercholesterolemia. They can be used in combination with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) or ...
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1.25 |
8 |
Activity Info
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Antimalarial Medications
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When treating patients suspected of having malaria, it is essential that treatment does not initiate until the diagnosis of malaria has been establish ...
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1 |
6 |
Activity Info
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Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis
|
Anti NMDAR encephalitis is a relatively common autoimmune encephalitis characterized by complex neuropsychiatric features and the presence of Immunogl ...
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1 |
7 |
Activity Info
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Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis In Children
|
Anti NMDA receptor encephalitis is commonly confused with schizophrenia. Most of the available data on this illness is through published case reports. ...
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1 |
5 |
Activity Info
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Antiparasitic Drugs
|
Antiparasitic drugs are a group of medications used in the management and treatment of infections by parasites, including protozoa, helminths, and ect ...
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1.25 |
5 |
Activity Info
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Antiphospholipid Syndrome
|
Antiphospholipid antibodies are autoantibodies that are directed against phospholipid-binding proteins. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APLS) is characteri ...
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1.25 |
9 |
Activity Info
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Antiplatelet Drug Toxicity
|
Antiplatelet medications are primarily used for the management and prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) related events. Currently, there are fou ...
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1 |
5 |
Activity Info
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Antiplatelet Medications
|
Over time, numerous antiplatelet agents have been developed with a multitude of indications. Antiplatelet medications divide into oral and parenteral ...
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1 |
6 |
Activity Info
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Antipsychotic Medications
|
First-generation antipsychotics are dopamine receptor antagonists (DRA) and are known as typical antipsychotics. Second-generation antipsychotics are ...
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1.5 |
16 |
Activity Info
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Antisialagogues
|
Antisialagogues are medications often used to manage and treat patients with noisy breathing near the end of life. These medications are members of th ...
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1 |
5 |
Activity Info
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
|
This activity reviews the evaluation and treatment of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). ASPD is a deeply ingrained and dysfunctional thought pro ...
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1 |
7 |
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Antitubercular Medications
|
Antitubercular medications: rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol are FDA approved for the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infecti ...
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1 |
5 |
Activity Info
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Anton Syndrome
|
Anton-Babinski syndrome, also known as ABS or Anton syndrome, is visual anosognosia, or denial of vision loss, associated with confabulation, or makin ...
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1 |
5 |
Activity Info
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Anxiety
|
Fear is an automatic neurophysiological state of alarm characterized by a fight or flight response to a cognitive appraisal of present or imminent dan ...
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1.25 |
12 |
Activity Info
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Anxiolytics and Sedative-Hypnotics Toxicity
|
Anxiolytics and sedative-hypnotics are widely consumed at home and in a hospital setting. This activity reviews the most commonly used agents of these ...
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1 |
7 |
Activity Info
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Aortic Arch Aneurysm
|
An isolated aortic arch aneurysm represents the less frequent cause of thoracic aortic aneurysms but poses a significant surgical challenge as it invo ...
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1 |
5 |
Activity Info
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Aortic Dissection
|
While uncommon, acute aortic dissection is an infrequent but catastrophic disorder. Patients present with tearing chest pain that radiates to the back ...
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2 |
26 |
Activity Info
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Aortic Insufficiency
|
A normal aortic valve is comprised of three semilunar cusps that attach to the aortic wall. Aortic regurgitation (AR), also known as aortic insufficie ...
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1.25 |
11 |
Activity Info
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Aortic Regurgitation
|
Aortic regurgitation is the inadequate closure of the aortic valve during diastole that results in reverse blood flow through the aortic valve. This c ...
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1.75 |
22 |
Activity Info
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Aortic Rupture
|
Aortic rupture can occur from multiple causes, which include blunt aortic injury resulting from rapid deceleration, penetrating trauma, and spontaneou ...
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1 |
4 |
Activity Info
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Aortic Stenosis
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Aortic stenosis is a common valvular disorder, especially in the elderly population, causing left ventricular outflow obstruction. Etiologies include ...
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Aortic Transection
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Aortic transection is an injury encountered with blunt thoracic trauma with substantial morbidity and mortality. Many patients with aortic transection ...
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Aortic Trauma
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Aortic injury is one of the most time-sensitive, life-threatening conditions. It is second only to head injury as a global leading cause of death. Mos ...
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Aortic Valve Disease
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Aortic valve disease consists of both regurgitations comprising retrograde flow throw the aortic valve and stenosis or narrowing of the orifice limiti ...
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Aortic Valve Endocarditis
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Infective endocarditis occurs globally and is defined by the infection of the endocardial surface of the native valve, prosthetic heart valve, or an i ...
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Aortic Valve Endocarditis Surgical Treatment
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Infective endocarditis is an infectious disease involving the endocardial surface of the heart and can include the valves and/or the mural endocardium ...
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Aortic Valve Repair
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Aortic valve repair is performed to treat aortic valve insufficiency with outcomes comparable to the valve replacement. When performed in a high volum ...
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Aortic Valve Replacement
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The aortic valve lies at the junction of the left ventricle and aorta and is a semilunar valve with three leaflets. It allows unidirectional blood flo ...
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Aortic Valve Ross Operation
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The Ross procedure, also known as the switch procedure or pulmonary autograft procedure, is a cardiac surgery in which a diseased aortic valve is repl ...
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Aortic Valvular Atresia
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Aortic valvular atresia is a congenital condition in which the aortic valvular cusps are fused at birth. It frequently forms as a spectrum of malforma ...
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Aortocaval Compression Syndrome
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Aortocaval compression syndrome is also known as a supine hypotensive syndrome. It typically occurs in pregnant females, usually after 20 weeks of ges ...
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Aortoenterofistula
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Aortoenteric fistulas are a deadly condition that can occur when the wall of the aorta erodes into the adjacent gastrointestinal system, which can lea ...
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Aortofemoral Bypass
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Aortofemoral bypass surgery has been used in the management of aortoiliac occlusive disease since the 1950s. Today, revascularization with endovascula ...
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Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease
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The aortoiliac occlusive disease is defined by atherosclerotic blockage of the distal abdominal aorta and iliac arteries. Patients commonly present wi ...
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Aortopulmonary Septal Defect
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An aortopulmonary or septal defect/aortopulmonary window is one of the rarest congenital heart defects. This defect develops embryologically when ther ...
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Aortopulmonary Window
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Aortopulmonary Window is a rare congenital cardiac malformation that can lead to congestive cardiac failure if left untreated. To avoid the high morbi ...
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Apert Syndrome
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Apert syndrome is an autosomal dominant inherited craniosynostosis syndrome. Males and females are equally affected. The incidence of the disease sign ...
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APGAR Score
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In 1952, Dr. Virginia Apgar, an anesthesiologist at Columbia University, developed the Apgar score. Serendipitously, APGAR is also a useful mnemonic t ...
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Aphasia
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Aphasia is an impairment of language caused by damage to the language area of the brain, primarily Broca and Wernicke areas. Injury to the brain can b ...
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Aphthous Stomatitis
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Aphthous stomatitis is a common ailment, idiopathic in nature, with recurrent painful aphthous ulcers (commonly termed “canker sores”) on the non-kera ...
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Apixaban
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Apixaban is a novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC) that was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2012 for use in patients with non-valv ...
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Aplasia Cutis Congenita
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Aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) is a rare congenital skin defect characterized by a focal or extensive absence of the epidermis, dermis, and occasionall ...
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Aplastic Anemia
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Aplastic anemia refers to the syndrome of chronic primary hematopoietic failure from injury leading to diminished or absent hematopoietic precursors i ...
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Apley Grind Test
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The Apley grind test, also known as the Apley compression test or the Apley test, is a maneuver performed to evaluate for meniscus injury. Clinicians ...
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Apnea In Children
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Apnea can be defined as the cessation of respiratory effort lasting more than 20 seconds, or lasting a shorter duration but accompanied by bradycardia ...
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Apocrine Hidrocystoma
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Apocrine hidrocystoma is a rare benign cystic tumor of the apocrine sweat glands. It most commonly presents as a solitary, asymptomatic, papule or nod ...
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Apocrine Miliaria
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Fox-Fordyce disease (FFD), the eponym for apocrine miliaria, is a rare chronic inflammatory skin disorder of the apocrine glands characterized by a pr ...
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Appendicitis
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Appendicitis is the inflammation of the vermiform appendix. It typically presents acutely, within 24 hours of onset, but can also present as a more ch ...
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Appendicitis in Pregnancy
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Appendicitis during pregnancy is a condition in which the appendix becomes inflamed and infected. Its treatment consists of emergent surgery for the r ...
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Appendix Cancer
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Appendiceal malignancies are a rare group of tumors often found incidentally during surgical removal of the appendix. Histologically, this malignancy ...
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Appendix Testes Torsion
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Torsion of testicular appendages is considered one of, if not the most common cause of acute scrotal pain in the prepubertal children and should be in ...
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Approach New Breast Mass
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Breast masses are common and are associated with a wide spectrum of disease, from benign physiological adenosis to advanced malignancy. A structured a ...
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Appropriate Magnetic Resonance Imaging Ordering
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a diagnostic imaging technique useful for the detailed characterization of the soft tissues without ionizing radia ...
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Apraxia of Lid Opening
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Apraxia of eyelid opening is defined as a non-motor abnormality characterized by the patient's difficulty in eyelid elevation bilaterally. There is an ...
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Aprepitant
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Aprepitant is a medication used in the management and treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and postoperative nausea and vomiti ...
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APUDoma
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APUDomas, currently known as neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), are a group of heterogeneous tumors that arise from the diffuse neuroendocrine system. They ...
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Arachnoid Cysts
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Arachnoid cysts are common incidental findings on cross-sectional neuroimaging of the brain. When they are present in the appropriate location and of ...
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Arachnoiditis
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Arachnoiditis is a persistent inflammation of the arachnoid mater as well as subarachnoid space due to mechanical, chemical, and infectious injuries. ...
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Arbovirus Encephalitides
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Arboviruses refer to a diverse group of viruses that are transmitted via mosquitos, ticks, or sandflies and are capable of causing a wide range of dis ...
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Arcanobacterium Haemolyticum
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Arcanobacterium haemolyticum is a rare infectious pathogen that principally causes pharyngitis in adolescents and soft-tissue infections in immunocomp ...
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Arcus Senilis
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Corneal arcus are white or gray incomplete rings that form around the cornea. They are usually clinically insignificant but may be associated with an ...
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Argatroban
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Argatroban is a medication used in the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), which is a rare, life-threatening complication of hepari ...
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Arginase Deficiency
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Argininemia is an autosomal recessive disorder causing hyperammonemia secondary to arginine accumulation. It is a disorder first noticed in children w ...
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Argyll Robertson Pupil
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Argyll Robertson pupil describes the physical exam finding of bilaterally small pupils that do not constrict when exposed to bright light but do const ...
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Argyria
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Argyria is a dermatologic condition that is acquired by exposure to or ingestion of silver, and it presents with the insidious onset of gray or blue m ...
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Aripiprazole
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Aripiprazole is a medication used in the management and treatment of schizophrenia, mania associated with bipolar I disorder, irritability associated ...
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Arnold Chiari Malformation
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Arnold-Chiari or Chiari malformations describe a group of deformities of the posterior fossa and hindbrain, which includes the cerebellum, pons, and m ...
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Aromatase Inhibitors
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Anastrozole is a medication used in the management and treatment of breast cancer. It is in the aromatase inhibitors class of drugs. This activity des ...
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Aromatic Toxicity
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Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Toluene and benzene can be found in products such as gasoline, nail polis ...
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Arrhythmias
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Arrhythmia entails a broad spectrum of disorders of heart rate and rhythm abnormalities. Arrhythmia is broadly categorized into bradyarrhythmias and t ...
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Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
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Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), a condition also known as arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD), is a genetic diso ...
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Arsenic Toxicity
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Arsenic poisoning is a global health issue affecting millions of people worldwide through environmental and occupational exposure, as well as intentio ...
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Arsenical Keratosis
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Arsenical keratosis is an important cutaneous manifestation of chronic arsenic toxicity (CAT). As it is a common presenting complaint of CAT and a pre ...
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Art Therapy
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Creative art therapy is a complementary therapy used to assist patients with serious illness to ameliorate symptom burden and adapt to the stressful l ...
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Arterial Gas Embolism
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Arterial gas embolism is a rare, life-threatening entity, which requires prompt recognition and early intervention. Failure to diagnose and initiate e ...
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Arterial Lines
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Arterial catheterization is a procedure that is common to the intensive care and the operating room settings. It involves placement of a catheter into ...
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Arterial Pressure Monitoring
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Arterial pressure monitoring is a form of invasive blood pressure monitoring and is done through the cannulation of a peripheral artery. This form of ...
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Arteriovenous Fistula
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Arteriovenous fistulas are abnormal connections between arteries and veins. AVFs can be surgically created, can occur as a result of a congenital or g ...
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Arteriovenous Malformation Of The Brain
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Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are a developmental anomaly of the vascular system, consisting of tangles of poorly formed blood vessels in which t ...
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Arteriovenous Malformations
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Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are abnormal fistulas between arteries and veins without an intervening capillary bed. High arterial flow directly ...
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Artery Cannulation
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Arterial cannulation is a procedure frequently performed in acute and critical care settings. It serves as an invasive means to more accurately measur ...
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Arthritis
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Arthritis is defined as an acute or chronic joint inflammation in the joint. Arthritis may attribute to a wide variety of symptoms that include pain, ...
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Arthrocentesis
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Arthrocentesis is a procedure that is performed to obtain synovial fluid from within a joint capsule, both for diagnostic and for therapeutic purposes ...
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Arthroplasty Knee Unicompartmental
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Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is a surgical technique used for the treatment of osteoarthritis in one compartment of the knee, most commonl ...
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Artificial Cornea Transplantation
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Bilateral blindness secondary to corneal disease worldwide is common, accounting for 12% of total global blindness. Common causes are anterior corneal ...
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Arytenoid Subluxation
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Arytenoid subluxation or dislocation is a rare laryngeal injury that occurs as a result of airway instrumentation or direct trauma to the cricoaryteno ...
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Asbestosis
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Asbestosis is an interstitial lung disease caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibers. Asbestos fibers have been historically chosen for construction ...
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Ascariasis
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Ascaris lumbricoides, the causative agent of ascariasis, is the most common parasitic worm in humans. Ascariasis can be asymptomatic causing only maln ...
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Ascites
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Ascites is the pathologic accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity. It is the most common complication of cirrhosis and occurs in about 50% ...
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Aseptic Meningitis
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Aseptic meningitis is an umbrella term for all of the causes of inflammation of the brain meninges that have negative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bacter ...
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Asherman Syndrome
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Asherman syndrome (intrauterine adhesions or intrauterine synechiae) occurs when scar tissue forms inside the uterus and/or the cervix. These adhesion ...
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Ashman Phenomenon
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Ashman phenomenon was initially described by Dr. Gouaux and Dr. Ashman in 1947. They described that the earlier in the cycle a premature atrial contra ...
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Aspart Insulin
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Insulin aspart is a rapid-acting, human insulin analog that is FDA approved for the treatment of type-1 and type-2 diabetes mellitus to improve glycem ...
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Asperger Syndrome
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Asperger syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder within the large family of autism spectrum disorder. It is characterized by impaired social communi ...
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Aspergilloma
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An aspergilloma is a fungus ball or mycetoma composed of Aspergillus hyphae along with cellular debris and mucus. It is a noninvasive type of chronic ...
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Aspergillosis
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Aspergillosis is a disease caused by the fungus Aspergillus. It mostly occurs in the form of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA), aspergilloma or al ...
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Aspergillus Fumigatus
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Aspergillus is a ubiquitous saprophyte in nature found in air, soil and organic matter. Humans normally inhale the spore form of the fungi. However, t ...
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Aspiration Pneumonia
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The infectious pulmonary process that occurs after abnormal entry of fluids into the lower respiratory tract is termed aspiration pneumonia. The aspir ...
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Aspiration Risk
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Aspiration is common, even in healthy patients. Aspiration can have significant morbidity and mortality in certain circumstances. It is categorized ba ...
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Asplenia
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Asplenia means the absence of a spleen. Asplenia can occur in a variety of clinical settings, and it can refer to an anatomic absence of the spleen or ...
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Asteatotic Eczema
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This activity outlines the evaluation and treatment of asteatotic eczema and reviews the role of the healthcare team in managing patients with this co ...
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Astereognosis
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Astereognosis is the inability to identify objects by feel only, in the absence of input from the visual system. It may also be defined as the impairm ...
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Asteroid Hyalosis
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Asteroid hyalosis (AH) is characterized by yellow-white brilliant reflecting particles surrounded by tightly adherent fibrils inside the vitreous cavi ...
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Asthma
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Asthma is a chronic disease of the air passages characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways. Symptoms of asthma include shortness of br ...
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Asthma Anesthesia
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Asthma is characterized by variable and often reversible airway obstruction with bronchial hyperreactivity. An estimated 8.4% of people in the US have ...
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Asthma In Pregnancy
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Bronchial asthma (BA) is considered the most common chronic disease in pregnancy, complicating 4% to 8% of pregnancies. Bronchial asthma exacerbation ...
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Asthma Medication in Children
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Asthma typically presents with a history of respiratory symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness and cough, and is characterize ...
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Asthma Medications
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Asthma is a wide-reaching, chronic inflammatory illness that impacts millions of people daily. It is frequently responsible for unscheduled healthcare ...
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Astrocytoma
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Astrocytoma originates in astrocytes, which are a kind of glial cells in the cerebrum which are star-shaped. It is the most common glioma, usually aff ...
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Asymmetric Periflexural Exanthem In Childhood
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Asymmetric Periflexural Exanthem (APEC) is a distinctive and a self-limited exanthem which classically affects children and less frequently adults. Th ...
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Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
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Asymptomatic bacteriuria is the presence of bacteria in the properly collected urine of a patient that has no signs or symptoms of a urinary tract inf ...
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Asystole
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Asystole, colloquially referred to as flatline, represents the cessation of electrical and mechanical activity of the heart. Asystole typically occurs ...
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Ataxia
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Ataxia is a neurological sign that manifests in a lack of coordination in the movement of different muscles in the body. It is a clinical finding and ...
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Ataxia Telangiectasia
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Ataxia telangiectasia (Louis-Bar Syndrome) is a rare autosomal recessive condition characterized by cutaneous telangiectasias, cerebellar atrophy with ...
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Atazanavir
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Atazanavir is FDA approved for the treatment of HIV-1 infection, in combination with other antiretroviral agents, for patients who are 3-months-old or ...
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Atelectasis
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The word "atelectasis" is Greek in origin; It is a combination of the Greek words atelez (Ateles) and ektasiz (ektasis) meaning "imperfect" and "expan ...
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Atenolol
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Atenolol is a second-generation beta-1-selective adrenergic antagonist indicated in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, and acute myocardi ...
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Atezolizumab
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Atezolizumab is a humanized IgG1 monoclonal anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody that has been approved by the U.S Food Drug Administration ...
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Atheroembolic Kidney Disease
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Atheroembolic renal disease is caused by occlusion of small arteries in the kidneys by cholesterol crystal emboli from ulcerated atherosclerotic plaqu ...
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Atherosclerosis
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Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which there is a build up of plaques inside arteries. These plaques are principally composed of l ...
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Athetoid Cerebral Palsy
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Athetoid cerebral palsy, also known as dyskinetic cerebral palsy, is the second most common subtype of cerebral palsy. It is a non-progressive, perman ...
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Atlantoaxial Instability
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The atlantoaxial segment consists of the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) and forms a complex transitional structure bridging the occiput and cervical spine. ...
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Atomoxetine
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Atomoxetine is indicated for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults and children over the age of 6. Although atomo ...
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Atopic Dermatitis
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Atopic dermatitis (AD), which is a specific form of eczema, is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease. Atopic dermatitis has a complex etio ...
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Atopy
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Atopy is a predisposition to an immune response against diverse antigens and allergens leading to CD4+ Th2 differentiation and overproduction of immun ...
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Atorvastatin
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HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are lipid-lowering medications used in the primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. This act ...
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Atracurium
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Atracurium is indicated as an addition to general anesthesia to facilitate endotracheal intubation and provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surge ...
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Atrial Fibrillation
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Atrial fibrillation is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia. It is the leading cardiac cause of stroke. Risk factors for atrial fibrillation inc ...
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Atrial Flutter
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Atrial flutter, a supraventricular arrhythmia, is one of the most common rhythm disturbances of the heart. It is characterized by a fast atrial rate w ...
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Atrial Myxoma
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Myxomas are the most common primary cardiac tumor. It is estimated that more than 75% of myxomas originate in the left atrium either at the mitral ann ...
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Atrial Septal Defect
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Atrial septal defect (ASD) is one of the most common types of congenital heart defects, occurring in about 25% of children. An atrial septal defect oc ...
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Atrial Tachycardia
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A focal atrial tachycardia is an arrhythmia with electrical impulses originating and confined within the atria. Focal tachycardia typically occurs in ...
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Atrioventricular Block
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Atrioventricular (AV) conduction is evaluated by assessing the relationship between the P waves and QRS complexes. Normally, there is a P wave that pr ...
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Atrioventricular Block Second-Degree
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A delay in conduction between the atria and ventricles results in an atrioventricular conduction block. This is indicated by a prolongation of the PR ...
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Atrioventricular Canal Defects
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Atrioventricular canal defects comprise a spectrum of defects such as exclusive ventricular or atrial defects, septal defects, atrioventricular anomal ...
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Atrioventricular Dissociation
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Atrioventricular dissociation is a cardiac conduction defect where the atria and ventricles beat independently of each other. It can occur due to vari ...
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Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia
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Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a type of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia that results due to the presence of a re-ent ...
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Atrioventricular Reciprocating Tachycardia
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Atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT) is a macroreentrant tachycardia that needs an accessory pathway to bypass the conventional conductio ...
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Atrioventricular Septal Defect
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The atrioventricular septal defect is a congenital cardiac malformation that is characterized by a variable degree of the atrial and ventricular septa ...
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11 |
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Atrophic Gastritis
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Gastric atrophy (GA) and intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa (GIM) are collectively known as chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG). These early con ...
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6 |
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Atrophic Vaginitis
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Atrophic vaginitis is an inflammatory process that occurs in clients experiencing vaginal atrophy. Vaginal atrophy develops secondary to a lack of est ...
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6 |
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Atrophie Blanche
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Atrophie blanche (AB) is a morphologic pattern of scarring that occurs secondary to a clinicopathologic entity known as livedoid vasculopathy. This is ...
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Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini
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Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini is a rare, cutaneous condition that causes dermal atrophy. Pasini described it in 1923 under the name of ”progressi ...
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Atropine
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Atropine or atropine sulfate carries FDA indications for anti-sialagogue/anti-vagal effect, organophosphate/muscarinic poisoning, and bradycardia. Atr ...
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11 |
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
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The diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been surrounded by controversy over the last century. Over the past 30 years, how ...
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1.75 |
22 |
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Atypical Antipsychotic Agents
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In recent years, the atypical antipsychotics or second-generation antipsychotics have become the drugs of choice for acute psychoses. They are “atypic ...
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Atypical Bacterial Pneumonia
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Pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection, specifically involving the pulmonary parenchyma. Viruses, fungi and bacteria can cause pneumonia. Th ...
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Atypical Breast Hyperplasia
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Atypical hyperplasia of the breast is defined as abnormal epithelial proliferative breast lesions that are not qualitatively or quantitatively abnorma ...
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3 |
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Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia
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Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) is a pathology finding, usually found incidentally on biopsy of the breast. ADH is associated with an increased risk ...
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9 |
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Atypical Fibroxanthoma
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Atypical fibroxanthoma is a rare, low-grade superficial sarcoma that frequently presents as a red nodule or plaque. It is considered a superficial var ...
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Atypical Mole
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A dysplastic nevus is a transition between benign moles and melanoma and is characterized by junctional melanocytic skin lesions showing dysplastic or ...
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Atypical Mycobacterial Disease
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Atypical mycobacteria or nontuberculous mycobacteria are organisms that cause various diseases such as skin and soft tissue infection, lymphadenitis, ...
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8 |
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Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance
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Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) is a category of cervical epithelial cell abnormalities described by the Bethesda system ...
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12 |
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Auditory Brainstem Response
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Auditory brainstem response helps diagnose suspected neurologic abnormalities of the 8th cranial nerve as well as the associated auditory pathways and ...
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Auditory Hallucinations
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Auditory hallucinations are the sensory perceptions of hearing noises without an external stimulus. This symptom is particularly associated with schiz ...
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Auricular Hematoma
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An auricular hematoma is a collection of blood underneath the perichondrium of the ear and typically occurs secondary to trauma. Auricular deformity, ...
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4 |
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Austin Flint Murmur
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American physician Austin Flint first described his namesake murmur in 1862. In his own poetic words: "The murmur is oftener rough than soft. The roug ...
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6 |
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Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of rapidly growing disabilities. They are characterized by repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or ...
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1.75 |
23 |
Activity Info
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Auto-brewery Syndrome
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Auto-brewery syndrome or gut fermentation syndrome is a condition in which ethanol is produced through endogenous fermentation by fungi or bacteria in ...
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Autoimmune And Chronic Neutropenia
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Neutropenia is a decreased number of neutrophils less than 1500/microliter and can be idiopathic, congenital, autoimmune, and cyclic types. Those last ...
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Autoimmune Hepatitis
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Autoimmune hepatitis refers to a chronic and progressive inflammation of the liver from an unknown cause. Proposed mechanism for the development of au ...
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Autoimmune Hepatitis and Pregnancy
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Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory liver disorder usually characterized by circulating autoantibodies and elevated serum globulin le ...
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Autoimmune Myopathies
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Idiopathic inflammatory myositis (IIM) is classified into four subtypes based on clinical and histopathological features. Polymyositis (PM) and dermat ...
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8 |
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Autoimmune Pancreatitis
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Autoimmune pancreatitis is a clinical condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas from an autoimmune etiology. It is an uncommon cause of ...
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9 |
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Autologous Fat Grafting For Facial Rejuvenation
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Fat grafting is a technique where the harvested adipose tissue is injected into various compartments underneath the skin. The term autologous fat graf ...
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Automatic Internal Cardiac Defibrillator
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The automated internal cardiac defibrillator or shock box is the common name given to the Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD). ICD is a state ...
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7 |
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Autonomic Dysfunction
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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) includes all regions implicated in the control of autonomic, unconscious, and involuntary functions in total body h ...
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8 |
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Autonomic Dysreflexia
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Autonomic dysreflexia is a condition that emerges after a spinal cord injury, usually when the injury has occurred above the T6 level. The higher the ...
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9 |
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Autonomic Pharmacology
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The basis of autonomic pharmacology reflects the physiology of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) to r ...
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Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease
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Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD) is a group of inherited kidney disorders. It is usually characterized by progressive rena ...
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Autotransfusion
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Autotransfusion has not always been a safe procedure. The first known documented procedure of autotransfusion was performed in 1818 by Dr. James Blund ...
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Avascular Necrosis
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Osteonecrosis is a degenerative bone condition characterized by death of cellular components of bone secondary to an interruption of the subchondral b ...
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21 |
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Average Volume-Assured Pressure Support
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Respiratory failure is one of the most important and common causes of patient admissions to the intensive care unit (ICU). In the last few years, non- ...
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5 |
Activity Info
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Avian Influenza
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Avian influenza is a deadly disease caused by infection from an influenza virus native to birds. While often not fatal in birds, it can carry a high m ...
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Avoidant Personality Disorder
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Avoidant personality disorder is a chronic and pervasive maladaptive behavioral pattern. The onset is insidious and affects all aspects of the individ ...
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6 |
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Avulsed Tooth
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Dentoalveolar trauma are injuries caused by an external impact on the teeth, palate, mandible, maxilla, and gums. These injuries can result in anythin ...
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Avulsion Fractures
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Avulsion fractures can happen anywhere in the body where soft tissue attaches to the bone. The failure of bone most commonly results from an acute eve ...
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7 |
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Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome
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Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) was previously known as Axenfeld anomaly; the latter term was used to describe one of three subvariants of this spectru ...
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Axial Flaps
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Trauma and resection of tumors often leave large defects requiring coverage, which have historically meant multi-stage procedures. However, axial patt ...
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Axillary Block
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The axillary approach to the brachial plexus nerve block was first described by Dr. Halstead et al. in 1884. Before the prevalence of ultrasound, this ...
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Axillary Lymphadenectomy
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Axillary lymphadenectomy is a procedure performed most commonly for breast cancer lymph node metastasis, and this activity focuses on breast cancer sp ...
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Axillary Nerve Injury
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Peripheral nerve injury can vary wildly in severity and presentation, ranging from mild soreness to severe muscle weakness. Axillary nerve injuries ty ...
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Axillary Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
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Sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer is an essential part of staging patients with early-stage breast cancer. This activity reviews the indica ...
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Axonotmesis
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This activity reviews the etiology, epidemiology, anatomy, physiology, and prognosis of peripheral nerve injury with a particular focus on axonotmesis ...
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3 |
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Azathioprine
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Azathioprine (AZA) is a medication used in the management and treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the prevention of kidney transplant r ...
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Activity Info
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Azilsartan
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Azilsartan is a medication used in the management and treatment of hypertension. It is in the angiotensin-receptor blocking (ARB) class of drugs. This ...
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Activity Info
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Azithromycin
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Azithromycin is an antimicrobial medication used in the treatment and management of bacterial infections, including community-acquired pneumonia and s ...
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6 |
Activity Info
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Azotemia
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Azotemia is a biochemical abnormality, defined as elevation, or buildup of, nitrogenous products (BUN-usually ranging 7 to 21 mg/dL), creatinine in th ...
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4 |
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Babesiosis
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Babesiosis is an infection caused by the parasitic protozoa Babesia. This parasite is carried and transferred by ticks and primarily infects erythrocy ...
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Babinski Reflex
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The Babinski reflex was described by the neurologist Joseph Babinski in 1899. Since that time, it has been incorporated into the standard neurological ...
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Activity Info
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Baby Bottle Syndrome
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Baby bottle syndrome, now known as early childhood caries (ECC), is defined as the presence of 1 or more decayed teeth or missing teeth (resulting fro ...
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4 |
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Bacillary Angiomatosis
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Bacillary angiomatosis (epithelioid angiomatosis) is an uncommon disease characterized by neovascular proliferation in the skin or the internal organs ...
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Bacillus Calmette Guerin
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Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the live attenuated vaccine form of Mycobacterium bovis used to prevent tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infecti ...
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Bacillus Cereus
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Bacillus cereus is a facultatively anaerobic, toxin-producing gram-positive bacteria that can be found in soil vegetation and even food. This may caus ...
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Bacitracin Topical
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Bacitracin is a topical antibiotic ointment widely used by both medical professionals and the general public to treat minor skin injuries including cu ...
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7 |
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Back Pain
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Back pain is one of the most common causes for patients to seek emergency care. It has a broad range of potential etiologies for both adult and pediat ...
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Back Safety
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Low back pain (LBP) is common among healthcare professionals with prevalence of low back pain among health care workers being greater than among those ...
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Baclofen
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Baclofen is used to treat muscle spasticity; it is FDA-approved for the management of reversible spasticity, particularly for the relief of flexor spa ...
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Bacteremia
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Bacteremia, in the strictest sense, refers to viable bacteria in the blood. Asymptomatic bacteremia can occur in normal daily activities such as condu ...
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Bacterial Acute Prostatitis
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Bacterial prostatitis (BP) is an infection of the prostate gland occurring in a bimodal distribution in younger and older men. It can be acute (ABP) o ...
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Bacterial Conjunctivitis
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Conjunctivitis, also informally known as "pink eye," makes up the majority of ophthalmologic disorders seen at primary care clinics. Patients present ...
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Bacterial Diarrhea
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Diarrhea consists of the passage of watery and loose stools multiple times a day (usually more than 3), though specific definitions may vary when appl ...
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Bacterial Endocarditis
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Bacterial endocarditis refers to infection of the endocardial surface of the heart. It usually involves heart valves, but it can occur on the endocard ...
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7 |
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Bacterial Endophthalmitis
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The word "endophthalmitis" can be broken down in greek to "interior-eye-inflammation" and is used to describe an infection of the vitreous or the aque ...
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7 |
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Bacterial Gastroenteritis
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Gastroenteritis is a diarrheal disease characterized by an increase in bowel movement frequency with or without fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain. T ...
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Bacterial Meningitis
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Bacterial meningitis is an infection of the meninges that results in inflammation. It is a serious and life-threatening condition that requires prompt ...
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Bacterial Pharyngitis
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Pharyngitis, more commonly described as sore throat, represents inflammation or irritation of the posterior oropharynx. While the majority of cases ar ...
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7 |
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Bacterial Pneumonia
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The word "pneumonia" originates from the ancient Greek word "pneumon," which means "lung," so the word "pneumonia" becomes "lung disease." Medically i ...
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Bacterial Sepsis
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Bacterial sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to an infection injures its tissues and organs. Sepsis is caused ...
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Bacterial Tracheitis
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Bacterial tracheitis, also known as bacterial croup, acute laryngotracheobronchitis, or membranous croup, is a potentially lethal infection of the sub ...
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Bacterial Vaginosis
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Bacterial vaginosis is a condition caused by an overgrowth of normal vaginal flora. Most commonly, this presents clinically with increased vaginal dis ...
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9 |
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Bacteriostatic Antibiotics
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The term "bacteriostatic antibiotics" is used to describe medications whose mechanism of action stalls bacterial cellular activity without directly ca ...
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Bacteroides Fragilis
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The human colon possesses the largest population of bacteria in the body, and the majority of these organisms are anaerobes; of these, about 25 percen ...
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Bacteruria
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Bacteruria is the presence of bacteria in the urine and can be classified as symptomatic or asymptomatic. A patient with asymptomatic bacteruria is de ...
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Bag Mask Ventilation
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Bag valve mask ventilation is a difficult skill to master. This activity explains how to improve this skill. This activity describes the technique of ...
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Bagassosis
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Bagassosis belongs to the group of respiratory conditions classified as interstitial lung diseases or hypersensitivity pneumonitis. It presents simila ...
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Baker's Cyst
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A Baker's cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms in the popliteal fossa, which is located on the posterior aspect of the knee. In adults, Baker's cysts ...
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Balanitis
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Balanitis is an inflammation of the glans penis. Men with balanitis often present with penile pain and erythema. This activity explains the risk facto ...
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Balanitis Circumscripta Plasmacellularis
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Balanitis circumscripta is a chronic idiopathic reactive balanoposthitis that can occur in uncircumcised men and is caused by a dysfunctional foreskin ...
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Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans
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Balanitis xerotica obliterans, also known as lichen sclerosus, are white inflammatory patches that can affect both males and females. In males, the af ...
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Balanoposthitis
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Balanoposthitis is a common disease process involving the glans penis and prepuce. It affects up to 12% to 20% of pediatric and adult males. This acti ...
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Balint Syndrome
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Balint syndrome, sometimes also referred to as Balint-Holmes syndrome, is described as a triad of optic ataxia, oculomotor apraxia, and simultagnosia. ...
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Balloon Sinuplasty
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Balloon sinuplasty for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) refractory to conservative medical therapy has greatly risen over the last decade ...
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Balloon Valvuloplasty
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Balloon valvuloplasty is a cardiac intervention to open up a stenotic or stiffed heart valves (e.g., aortic or mitral) using a catheter with a balloon ...
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Bancroftian Filariasis
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Bancroftian filariasis is a leading cause of disability worldwide and a significant public health problem. The chronic sequelae of the disease are cri ...
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Barbiturate Toxicity
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Barbiturates are a class of sedative-hypnotic drugs. They are commonly used as antiepileptics (phenobarbital) and for the induction of general anesthe ...
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Activity Info
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Barbiturates
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Barbiturates are a group of sedative-hypnotic medications used for the treatment of seizure disorder, neonatal withdrawal, insomnia, preoperative anxi ...
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Activity Info
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Barium Swallow
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The barium swallow study, also known as a barium esophagogram or esophagram, is a contrast-enhanced radiographic study commonly used to assess structu ...
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Barosinusitis
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Barosinusitis is an uncommon entity that is rarely described within the otolaryngology literature. It is generally affiliated with pilots and scuba di ...
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6 |
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Barotrauma
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Barotrauma is physical tissue damage caused by a pressure difference between an unvented space inside the body and surrounding gas or fluid. The damag ...
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Barotrauma And Mechanical Ventilation
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Pulmonary barotrauma is a potentially life-threatening complication in patients on mechanical ventilation. It is important to recognize and quickly ac ...
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11 |
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Barrett Esophagus
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Barrett esophagus (BE) is a pre-malignant condition characterized by conversion of the normal esophageal squamous epithelium into metaplastic columnar ...
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15 |
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Barrett Metaplasia
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Barrett's esophagus is the condition in which a specialized columnar epithelium replaces the normal stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus. P ...
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Activity Info
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Bartholin Gland Cyst
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A Bartholin gland cyst is usually a unilateral, asymptomatic blockage of the Bartholin gland that may be incidentally discovered during a pelvic exam ...
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7 |
Activity Info
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Bartonellosis
|
Bartonellosis is the term used to describe any infectious disease produced by the bacteria Bartonella. These include trench fever, Oroya fever, Carrio ...
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Activity Info
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Barton's Fracture
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Philadelphia orthopedic surgeon John Rhea Barton first described a Barton fracture. It is a fracture of the distal radius which extends through the do ...
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Activity Info
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Bartter Syndrome
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Bartter syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder of salt reabsorption resulting in extracellular fluid volume depletion with low/normal blood press ...
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Activity Info
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Basal Cell Cancer
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Basal cell carcinoma a common cutaneous malignancy that occurs mostly on sun-damaged skin of the head, neck, and trunk. Basal cell carcinoma can be di ...
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Basal Cell Carcinoma
|
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common cutaneous malignancy, affecting close to one in five Americans. Although rarely fatal, basal cell carcinoma ca ...
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1 |
3 |
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Basic Flap Design
|
Flaps are sometimes used to close skin defects and vary from simple local flaps to complex free flaps. The design of a flap is a key step in treating ...
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Activity Info
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Basilar Artery Infarct
|
The basilar artery (BA) is formed over the surface of pons by two vertebral arteries to supply the critical areas of the brain and brainstem. Anatomic ...
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Basilar Artery Thrombosis
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The basilar artery is formed by the convergence of the vertebral arteries at the junction of the pons and medulla. It provides oxygen-rich blood to th ...
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Basilar Invagination
|
Basilar invagination is an abnormality at the craniovertebral junction, either congenital or degenerative, resulting in the odontoid prolapsing into t ...
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Basilar Migraine
|
A migraine with predominant brainstem aura symptoms is known as a basilar migraine. Bickerstaff first described it in 1961. Other names for it are bas ...
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6 |
Activity Info
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Basilar Skull Fractures
|
Basilar skull fractures, usually caused by substantial blunt force trauma, involve at least one of the bones that compose the base of the skull. Basil ...
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7 |
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Basophilia
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Basophils are typically the least numerous myeloid cells seen in a peripheral blood smear. Their numerous dark azurophilic granules easily distinguish ...
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3 |
Activity Info
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Battle Sign
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Battle Sign is bruising over the mastoid process that is typically the result of head trauma. Battle sign typically requires significant head trauma a ...
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4 |
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Becker Melanosis
|
Becker melanosis (Becker's Nevus) (BM) is a form of acquired hyperpigmentation. This condition was described by S. William Becker as "concurrent melan ...
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Becker Muscular Dystrophy
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Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is an X-linked recessive disorder due to mutation in the Dystrophin gene that results in progressive muscle degenerati ...
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Beckwith Wiedemann Syndrome
|
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome is the most common overgrowth syndrome. It is a genetic imprinting disorder, and it can present as a wide and varied clini ...
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Bedbug Bites
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There are as many as 90 species of "bugs" (bed bugs are true bugs with specialized elongated mouthparts) within the family Cimicidae; however, few bit ...
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Beeturia
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Beeturia is the discoloration of urine following the consumption of beets or foods colored with beetroot. The typical color can range from pink to dee ...
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Behavior Modification
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Behavior modification is a psychotherapeutic intervention primarily used to eliminate or reduce maladaptive behavior in children or adults. While some ...
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Behavioral And Psychological Symptoms In Dementia
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Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) include a range of neuropsychiatric disturbances such as agitation, aggression, depression, a ...
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Behavioral Approaches To Obesity Treatment
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Obesity is a complex and multifactorial neurobehavioral condition. One aspect of obesity is that it shares features with other types of maladaptive be ...
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Behcet Disease
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Behcet disease, also known as an oculo-orogenital syndrome, is a chronic remitting and relapsing inflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent oral ...
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Bekhterev Jacobsohn Reflex
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The Bekhterev-Jacobsohn reflex is also known as the Jacobsohn finger flexion sign. Dr. Vladimir Bekhterev (a Russian neurologist) and Dr. Louis Jacobs ...
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Bell Palsy
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Bell palsy is the most common peripheral paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve with an onset that is rapid and unilateral. This is an idiopathic cond ...
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Below Knee Amputation
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A below the knee amputation (BKA) is a transtibial amputation that involves removing the foot, ankle joint, distal tibia, fibula, and corresponding so ...
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Benazepril
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Benazepril is a drug used in the management of hypertension. It is in the ACE inhibitor class of medications. This activity outlines the indications, ...
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Benedikt Syndrome
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Benedikt syndrome is an eponymously named neurological condition secondary to specific damage in the midbrain that causes ipsilateral oculomotor nerve ...
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Benign Breast Calcifications
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Benign breast calcifications are common. If benign breast calcifications are not appropriately identified, unnecessary intervention and use of finite ...
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Benign Chronic White Lesions Of The Oral Mucosa
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White lesions discovered upon routine oral examination can range from benign processes to invasive malignancies. It is prudent for the clinician to co ...
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Benign Essential Blepharospasm
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Benign essential blepharospasm is a focal cranial dystonia, characterized by involuntary contractions of orbicularis oculi muscle contractions, result ...
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Benign Florid Vascular Proliferation Mimicking Vascular Neoplasm
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Florid vascular proliferation (FVP) is a benign pseudo-neoplastic reactive proliferation of small vessels in the colon, which can mimic other benign o ...
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Benign Mesothelioma
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Mesotheliomas represent a proliferative neoplasm made up of epithelial and mesenchymal cells of the mesothelium which make up part of the serosal cove ...
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Benign Occipital Seizure
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Benign occipital seizures are classified as an occipital onset epilepsy syndrome, which occurs in children with normal developmental milestones, norma ...
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Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
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Vertigo is the perception of motion in the absence of motion, which may be described as a sensation of swaying, tilting, spinning, or feeling unbalanc ...
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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
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Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition encountered in aging men and a common cause of lower urinary tract symptoms. Histological pre ...
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Benign Salivary Gland Tumors
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Salivary gland neoplasms encompass a wide array of different histologies and locations, including the parotid, submandibular gland, sublingual gland, ...
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Bennett Fracture
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The Bennett fracture is the most common fracture involving the base of the thumb. This fracture refers to an intraarticular fracture that separates th ...
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Benzathine Penicillin
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Benzathine penicillin is formulated from two penicillin G molecules reacting with diphenylethylene diamine. It is active against gram-positive bacteri ...
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Benzocaine
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Benzocaine is a local anesthetic used in the management of pain control. It is in the ester local anesthetic class of medications. This activity descr ...
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Benzodiazepine Toxicity
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Since the 1960s, with the development of chlordiazepoxide and shortly thereafter diazepam, benzodiazepines quickly became popular medications secondar ...
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Benzodiazepines
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Benzodiazepines are especially important in the cessation of seizure activity, as 1% to 2% of emergency department visits annually in the United State ...
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Benzoyl Peroxide
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Benzoyl peroxide is an over-the-counter topical medication and is also an FDA-approved prescription medication for the treatment of acne vulgaris. It ...
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Benztropine
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Benztropine is FDA approved as adjunctive therapy for all forms of parkinsonism. It is also used for drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms and the prev ...
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Berger Disease
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Berger disease is a common cause of primary glomerulonephritis and it involves the deposition of IgA in the glomerular mesangium. It is a cause of pro ...
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Bernard Soulier Syndrome
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Bernard-Soulier syndrome is a rare inherited blood clotting disorder that is characterized by unusually giant platelet cells, thrombocytopenia, and pr ...
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Berry Aneurysm
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Berry (saccular) aneurysms are the most common type of intracranial aneurysm, representing 90% of cerebral aneurysms. Generally speaking, there is a b ...
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Berylliosis
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Berylliosis, also known as chronic beryllium disease (CBD), is a granulomatous disease caused by exposure to beryllium. CBD has a variable clinical co ...
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Best Disease
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Best disease (Best vitelliform macular dystrophy, BVMD) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder due to the mutation of BEST1 (or VMD2, TU15B) gene with ...
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Beta 2 Agonists
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Beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonists are a class of medications used in the frontline management and treatment of bronchial asthma and COPD. This activ ...
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Beta 2 Receptor Agonists/Antagonists
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Beta-2 adrenergic receptors are cell-surface receptors clinically taken advantage of in the management of bronchospasm as in patients with bronchial a ...
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Beta Blockers
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Beta-blockers, as a class of drugs, are primarily used to treat cardiovascular diseases and other conditions. Beta-blockers are indicated and have FDA ...
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Beta Lactam Antibiotics
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Beta-lactam antibiotics are used in the management and treatment of bacterial infections. This activity will highlight the mechanism of action, advers ...
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Beta Lactamase Inhibitors
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Beta-lactamase inhibitors are drugs that are co-administered with beta-lactam antimicrobials to prevent antimicrobial resistance by inhibiting serine ...
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Beta Thalassemia
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Thalassemias are a common cause of microcytic anemia and are due to impaired synthesis of the globin protein component of hemoglobin. Beta-thalassemia ...
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Beta-Blocker Toxicity
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Beta-blockers antagonize beta-adrenergic receptors and are used mainly in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, tachydysrhythmias, and angina ...
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Betaxolol
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Betaxolol is a medication used mostly in managing and treating open-angle glaucoma, essential hypertension, post-myocardial infarction, and chronic s ...
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Bethanechol
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Bethanechol is FDA approved for the treatment of postoperative urinary retention, postpartum urinary retention, and overflow incontinence caused by ne ...
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Bevacizumab
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Bevacizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and is used for the treatment of several differen ...
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Bezold Abscess
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Bezold's abscess is a rare deep neck abscess and is an intratemporal complication of a coalescent mastoiditis via direct extension into the peri-masto ...
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Biceps Tendon Dislocation and Instability
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The long head of the biceps brachii tendon (LHBT) is a common source of pain in the shoulder. Biceps tendon pathology is often associated with rotator ...
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Biceps Tendon Rupture
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The biceps tendon consists of 2 heads originating from the coracoid process (short head) and supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula (long head). The ten ...
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Biceps Tendon Rupture of the Lower Limb
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Rupture of the biceps femoris tendon can be treated conservatively or surgically, depending on the severity of the tendon retraction. Most of the pati ...
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Biceps Tendon Sheath Injection
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Shoulder pain is a common patient complaint encountered both by primary care physicians and orthopedic surgeons. Many shoulder structures can account ...
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Bicornuate Uterus
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A bicornuate uterus is a uterine malformation that is produced due to impairment in the fusion of Mullerian ducts. The bicornuate uterus is a rare ano ...
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Bicuspid Aortic Valve
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A bicuspid aortic valve is a common congenital heart defect in which the bicuspid aortic valve contains two cusps instead of the usual three. This lea ...
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Bidirectional Glenn Procedure or Hemi-Fontan
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The bidirectional Glenn (BDG) and hemi-Fontan are the types of surgical techniques used to create superior cavopulmonary anastomosis, the second stage ...
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Bier Block
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The Bier block, also known as intravenous local anesthesia (IVRA), is a safe, effective, and cost-efficient way to provide short-term anesthesia and a ...
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Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis
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Vocal cord paralysis refers to the immobility of a vocal cord, which can be due to pathology of the vocal ford (also known as the vocal fold) itself, ...
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Bile Duct Injury
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Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is performed over 750,000 times in the United States annually. As laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been increasingly used ...
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Bile Duct Repair
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Injuries to the bile duct are almost universally iatrogenic and occasionally are due to trauma. The most common procedure leading to bile duct injury ...
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Bile Duct Stricture
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Bile duct strictures are segments of the narrowing of the intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary ductal system. The narrowing impedes the normal antegra ...
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Biliary Atresia
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Biliary atresia is a disease of the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts with an unknown etiology. It presents in neonates with jaundice, clay colo ...
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Biliary Colic
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Biliary colic is defined as pain in the abdomen, due to obstruction usually by stones in the cystic duct or common bile duct of the biliary tree. It t ...
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Biliary Duct Hamartoma
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Biliary duct hamartomas, otherwise known as Von Meyenburg complexes, are dilated cystic bile ducts, which are embryologic remnants that failed to invo ...
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Biliary Obstruction
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Biliary obstruction refers to the impairment of bile flow from the liver to the small intestine due to blockage of the biliary duct system. Bile obstr ...
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Biliary Stenting
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Biliary stenting refers to the insertion of stents which are tubes made of plastic or metal to relieve obstruction in the biliary tree or to treat bil ...
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Biliary Tract Cancer
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Biliary tract cancer consists of tumors that arise from epithelial cells lining the biliary tract, which consists of the intrahepatic bile duct, extra ...
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Biliary Tract Cholangiocarcinoma
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The diagnosis and management of cholangiocarcinoma are challenging and complex. To achieve good results and provide appropriate patient care, the trea ...
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Biliopancreatic Diversion With Duodenal Switch
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The biliopancreatic diversion was first described by Scorpinaro in 1979. This procedure combined a horizontal gastric resection with the closure of a ...
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Bilirubinuria
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Bilirubinuria is the presence of bilirubin in the urine, usually detected while performing a routine urine dipstick test. Its presence is abnormal and ...
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Bilobed Flaps
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The bilobed flap is a local flap used primarily for the reconstruction of small to moderate cutaneous nasal defects. It was first described in 1918 by ...
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Bimalleolar Ankle Fractures
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A bimalleolar fracture is a fracture of the lateral malleolus and the medial malleolus. This fracture is a bimodal distribution, most likely affects o ...
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Binge Eating Disorder
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Binge eating disorder is an eating disorder associated with various psychological and non-psychological issues with some degree of impairment of daily ...
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Biofeedback
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Biofeedback is a technique to augment the normal sensory feedback and allow better control of body functions that are usually considered involuntary. ...
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Biologic Response Modifiers (BRMs)
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Biologic response modifiers (BRMs), also known as immunomodulators, are the class of medications that target the disease-causing mechanism. They are u ...
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Biologic Warfare Agent Toxicity
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Biological warfare agents include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and biological toxins. Some agents are frequently lethal, while others are intended to cau ...
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Biologic, Chemical, and Radiation Terrorism Review
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Terrorism is the intentional use of indiscriminate violence to create fear and terror as a means to achieve an ideological, financial, religious, or p ...
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Bioprosthetic Stented Pericardial Porcine Aortic Valve Replacement
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Aortic valve repair is performed because severe aortic valvular disease uncorrected mortality rates are dismal. Half of the patients presenting with a ...
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Biotin
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Biotin is an alternative medication used in the management and treatment of pathological hair conditions. It is in the vitamin class of drugs. This ac ...
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Biotin Deficiency
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Biotin is a B-complex vitamin that serves as an essential coenzyme for five carboxylases: pyruvate carboxylase, 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, prop ...
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Biotinidase Deficiency
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Biotin acts as a coenzyme for four carboxylation enzymes in the body: 3-methylcrontonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCC), pyruvate carboxylase (PC), acetyl-CoA c ...
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Bipedicled TRAM Breast Reconstruction
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Bipedicled TRAM is performed for individuals that have an acquired breast absence desiring unilateral autologous tissue breast reconstruction. The pri ...
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Bipolar Affective Disorder
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Bipolar affective disorder is a chronic and complex disorder of mood that is characterized by a combination of manic (bipolar mania), hypomanic and de ...
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Birdshot Retinopathy
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Birdshot chorioretinopathy (BCR) is an unusual form of chronic, bilateral, posterior uveitis with a distinguishing clinical phenotype, and a strong as ...
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Birt Hogg Dube Syndrome
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Birt Hogg Dube syndrome is an autosomal dominant genodermatosis, usually manifesting in the third decade of life with multiple fibrofolliculomas, tric ...
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Birth Asphyxia
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Perinatal asphyxia is a lack of blood flow or gas exchange to or from the fetus in the period immediately before, during, or after the birth process. ...
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Birth Trauma
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This activity reviews common birth-related injuries. The mechanism of injury, clinical features, and management of various birth-related traumatic eve ...
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Bisacodyl
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Bisacodyl is a medication used in the management and treatment of chronic or functional constipation. This activity outlines the indications, action, ...
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Bishop Score
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In 1964, Edward Bishop set forth criteria for elective induction of labor which included parity, gestational age, fetal presentation, obstetric histor ...
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Bismuth Subsalicylate
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Bismuth subsalicylate is a medication that is used in the management and treatment of gastrointestinal discomfort and traveler's diarrhea. It is in th ...
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Bisoprolol
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Bisoprolol is a medication used in the management and treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. It is in the selective beta-blocker clas ...
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Bispectral Index
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Monitoring the depth of anesthesia is very important during any procedure, as anesthesia that is too deep can cause hemodynamic changes. Anesthesia th ...
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Bisphosphonate
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Bisphosphonates define a class of drugs that are widely indicated since the 1990s to treat osteoporosis both in men and women. Their effectiveness in ...
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Bisphosphonate Related Jaw Osteonecrosis
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Bisphosphonates are synthetic pyrophosphate analogs used to treat hypercalcemia secondary to conditions affecting bone resorption such as malignancy, ...
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Bisphosphonate Toxicity
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In the second half of the 20th century, bisphosphonates have emerged as a novel treatment for bone metabolism disorders. Currently, bisphosphonates ar ...
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Bivalirudin
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Bivalirudin is a medication used in the management and treatment of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarc ...
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Biventricular Devices
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Heart failure is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and it is associated with poor life expectancy, poor quality of life, a ...
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Black Cohosh
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Black Cohosh, or Cimicifuga racemosa, is a perennial dicot of the Buttercup family native to the Eastern half of the United States and Canada. It is a ...
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Black Piedra
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Piedra is a superficial fungal infection of hair shafts, which presents with small nodules stuck-on to the shaft. Black piedra, caused by Piedraia hor ...
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Black Widow Spider Toxicity
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The black widow spider species, also known by its biological nomenclature as the Latrodectus species is one of more than 40,000 different species of s ...
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Bladder Cancer
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Bladder cancer is any neoplasm that arises from the urinary bladder. It is the most common urinary tract neoplasm, with urothelial carcinoma (UC) bein ...
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Bladder Catheterization
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Bladder catheterization is a commonly performed procedure in all hospitals. It can be performed by external, urethral, and suprapubic techniques. It i ...
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Bladder Exstrophy
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Bladder exstrophy is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by a spectrum of anomalies involving the ventral body wall, urinary tract, genitalia, bon ...
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Bladder Rupture
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Bladder rupture is most commonly due to abdominal or pelvic trauma but may be spontaneous or iatrogenic in association with surgical or endoscopic pro ...
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Bladder Sphincter Dyssynergia
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Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia is a common cause of lower urinary tract symptoms in a patient with spinal cord injury and various other neurological d ...
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Bladder Stones
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Bladder stones are solid calculi that are primarily found in the urinary bladder. While often calcified, they may also be composed of non-calcific mat ...
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Bladder Trauma
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Bladder injury is broadly divided into extraperitoneal and intraperitoneal injuries. Extraperitoneal bladder injuries generally occur with pelvic frac ...
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Blast Injuries
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Explosions are unique in their ability to inflict acute injuries on many people at the same time, resulting in high levels of mortality and morbidity. ...
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Blastomycosis
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Blastomycosis is a fungal infection caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis. It presents as a pulmonary infection after the inhalation of spores, and it ma ...
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Bleach Toxicity
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Bleach refers to a large class of compounds used to whiten or color-lighten materials. They are frequently used for cleaning and disinfection; bleache ...
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Bleeding Disorders
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Hereditary bleeding disorders occur due to the absence or deficiency of specific clotting proteins. The three most common hereditary bleeding disorder ...
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Bleomycin
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Bleomycin has approval for adult use in the treatment of squamous cell cancer of head and neck regions, Hodgkin's lymphoma, testicular carcinoma. It i ...
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Blepharitis
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Blepharitis is an ophthalmologic condition where there is inflammation of the eyelid margins. The diagnosis is clinical and based on irritation of the ...
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Blepharochalasis Syndrome
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Blepharochalasis syndrome is a rare disease of unknown etiology. It is characterized by an active stage of recurrent episodes of upper lid swelling, f ...
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Blepharoconjunctivitis
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Blepharoconjunctivitis is an ocular condition involving the inflammation of the eyelid and conjunctiva. It is a common chronic condition that can lead ...
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Blepharoplasty
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Blepharoplasty refers to the aesthetic or functional surgical manipulation of the upper or lower eyelids. Upper and lower lid blepharoplasty both have ...
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Blepharoplasty Ptosis Surgery
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Blepharoplasty is the general term for correcting defects, deformities, and disfigurations of the eyelids either for functional reasons, cosmetic reas ...
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Blepharoplasty Subciliary Approach
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Lower blepharoplasty is performed for many reasons, although the commonest presentation by patients is one of "looking old" or "looking tired." Other ...
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Blindness
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The term blindness is a general term that can include those with low vision and legal blindness. Low vision is a term used to describe those whose vis ...
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Blister Agents
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Sulfur mustard (dichlorethylsulphide) and nitrogen mustard are blistering agents, or vesicants, that have been used in chemical warfare since before t ...
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Blistering Distal Dactylitis
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Blistering distal dactylitis (BDD) is a bacterial infection of the fingers presenting as multiple fluid-filled lesions. This condition is common in ch ...
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Blood Donation
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Blood donation is a vital part of worldwide healthcare. It allows for blood transfusion as a life-sustaining and life-saving procedure. Over one hundr ...
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Blood Gas Temperature Correction
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Blood gas temperature correction is an important process to implement when assessing blood gas laboratory values. The laws of physics concerning gas s ...
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Blood Product Safety
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Transfusion of blood products is one of the most commonly performed clinical procedures in healthcare today. Blood product safety has been an improvin ...
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Blood Transfusion
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Blood transfusions are a relatively common medical procedure and while typically safe, there are multiple complications that practitioners need to be ...
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Bloom Syndrome
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Bloom syndrome, also called Bloom-Torre-Machacek syndrome or congenital telangiectatic erythema, is a rare autosomal recessive inherited disorder char ...
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Blount Disease
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Blount disease is a pediatric genu varum deformity. Infantile and adolescent forms are two types because of their variable presentation. Surgical trea ...
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Blue Nevus
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Blue nevi are melanotic dermal lesions that commonly presents as a blue nodule on the scalp, extremities, sacrococcygeal region, or buttocks. Its char ...
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Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome
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Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome is also known as Bean syndrome. It is a rare syndrome of venous malformations that arise in the skin and gastrointesti ...
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Blunt Abdominal Trauma
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Abdominal trauma caused by blunt force is a common presentation in the emergency room seen in adults and children. The chief cause of blunt abdominal ...
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Blunt Cardiac Injury
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A cardiac contusion is a misnomer used to indicate injury to the heart after blunt chest trauma. Because of the term's ambiguity in describing a spect ...
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Blunt Eye Trauma
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Blunt injury to the eye can lead to various intrinsic eye injuries. Globe rupture and retrobulbar hematoma are two emergent entities that are of impor ...
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Blunt Force Trauma
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Trauma is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients under 35-years of age and the sixth leading cause of death worldwide. The majority ...
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Blunt Head Trauma
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Traumatic Brain Injury is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, with an annual occurrence of more than 1.5 million. Fal ...
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Bochdalek Hernia
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Bochdalek hernia is a developmental defect in the posterolateral diaphragm, allowing herniation of abdominal contents into the thorax causing mechanic ...
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder
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Body dysmorphic disorder, or BDD, formally known as dysmorphophobia, is a psychiatric condition defined in the DSM 5 as a preoccupation with a perceiv ...
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Body Fluid Exposures
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Health care workers have serious concerns about exposure to bodily fluids. Accidental exposures to bodily fluids present a wide variety of issues to h ...
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Body Image Distortion
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Body image is a complex construct. Body image distortion and body dissatisfaction are common in both clinical and nonclinical populations. Distortions ...
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Body Piercing Infections
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Body piercings have become increasingly popular and are a socially acceptable form of body modification. Common site of piercings are the ears, mouth, ...
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Boerhaave Syndrome
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Boerhaave syndrome is also known as spontaneous esophageal rupture or effort rupture of the esophagus. Although vomiting is thought to be the most com ...
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Bone Age
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Bone age assessment can be of utmost importance in various complicated situations involving medical, surgical, forensic, and legal issues. Apart from ...
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Bone Cyst
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A simple bone cyst is a solitary, benign, fluid-filled, cyst that may be a single chamber or septated. The most common sites are the proximal humerus ...
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Bone Marrow Aspiration And Biopsy
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Bone marrow aspiration and biopsies are often performed both in the inpatient and outpatient settings for the diagnosis of a multitude of hematologic ...
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Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome
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Bone marrow edema syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion that is characterized by pain and increased interstitial fluid within bone marrow without an ob ...
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Bone Marrow Failure
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Bone marrow failure (BMF) refers to the decreased production of one or more major hematopoietic lineages which leads to diminished or absent hematopoi ...
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Bone Marrow Transplantation In Sickle Cell Disease
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Since the Sickle Cell Anemia Act, there has been progress in the screening and treatment of sickle cell disease. For instance, in most parts of the Un ...
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Bone Metastasis
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The skeleton is the third most common site of metastatic disease after lung and liver. Most bone metastases originate from the breast, prostate or lun ...
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Bone Nonunion
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Nonunion of bone is the body's inability to heal a fracture. The most agreed-upon standard definition of nonunion made by the FDA is a fracture that p ...
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Borderline Personality Disorder
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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) lists ten personality disorders that are divided into three clusters, c ...
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Borrelia Burgdorferi
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Borrelia burgdorferi is a pathogenic spirochete responsible for Lyme disease via a tick vector. This spirochete causes a characteristic annular rash, ...
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Bortezomib
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Bortezomib is FDA-approved for use in the initial treatment of multiple myeloma in combination with cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone. It is also FDA ...
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Bosentan
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Pulmonary artery hypertension has proven to cause significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. The first-line treatment option for pulmonary artery ...
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Botfly
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Bot fly is a term referring to any member of the Oestridae family of flies. To reproduce, these flies rely on myiasis, the infestation of host skin fo ...
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Botulinum Toxin
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Botulinum toxin is a medication used in the management and treatment of therapeutic and cosmetic purposes. Therapeutic uses include chronic migraine, ...
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Botulism
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Botulism is a rare, potentially fatal syndrome of diffuse, flaccid paralysis caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) which is elaborated by the bacteriu ...
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Botulism Antitoxin
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Botulinum antitoxin, also known as botulism antitoxin, is comprised of antibodies or antibody antigen-binding fragments that block the neurotoxin prod ...
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Boutonneuse Fever
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Boutonneuse fever is a disease caused by the rickettsia genus and is of the spotted fever group classification. This disease classically causes fever, ...
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Boutonniere Deformity
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Boutonniere deformity describes a medical condition in which the finger is flexed at the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP), and there is hyperexten ...
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Bouveret Syndrome
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Bouveret syndrome is caused by a large stone passing through a bilioduodenal fistula causing gastric outlet obstruction. Morbidity and mortality rates ...
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Bowel Adhesions
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Bowel adhesions are irregular bands of scar tissue that form between bowel loops, which are normally not bound together. The bands of tissue can devel ...
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Bowel Ischemia
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Bowel ischemia can classify as small intestine ischemia, which is commonly known as mesenteric ischemia and large intestine ischemia, which generally ...
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Bowel Necrosis
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Bowel necrosis is a late stage finding of several different disease processes characterized by cellular death due to reduced blood flow to the gastroi ...
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Bowel Obstruction
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A bowel obstruction can either be a mechanical or functional obstruction of the small or large intestines. Obstruction frequently causes abdominal pai ...
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Bowel Perforation
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Bowel perforation results from insult or injury to the mucosa of the bowel wall caused due to a violation of the closed system. Bowel perforation can ...
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Bowel Preparation
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Clinicians can use a range of methods to prepare the bowel for colonoscopy, the gold standard for imaging the mucosa of the colon to identify concerni ...
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Bowenoid Papulosis
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Bowenoid papulosis is an uncommon sexually transmitted condition that occurs in both males and females. It is characterized by multiple well-demarcate ...
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Brachial Neuritis
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Brachial neuritis, also called neuralgic amyotrophy, has two major clinical symptoms, pain and muscle weakness from atrophy. It is a multifocal, immun ...
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Brachial Plexitis
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Brachial plexitis is a condition characterized by acute onset of shoulder pain followed by weakness and/or sensory loss of the shoulder and/or upper e ...
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Brachial Plexus Block Techniques
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Blockade of the brachial plexus is an effective method for providing anesthesia to the upper limb from the shoulder to the fingertips. There are multi ...
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Brachial Plexus Injuries
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The earliest written description of a brachial plexus injury (BPI) is attributed to Homer circa 800 BC in his depiction of a battle during which Hecto ...
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Brachioradial Pruritus
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Brachioradial pruritus (BRP) is a localized neuropathic dysesthesia of the dorsolateral upper extremities. It is commonly seen in middle-aged white fe ...
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Brachycephaly
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Brachycephaly is an infant skull deformity characterized by a shortened anteroposterior skull length and a widened biparietal diameter. This condition ...
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Brachytherapy
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Brachytherapy is a procedure to treat and manage cancers. It acts by placing sources containing radioactive isotopes that emit radiation for a specifi ...
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Brain Abscess
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Brain abscess is a localized zone of necrosis with a surrounding membrane within the brain parenchyma, usually resulting from an infectious or traumat ...
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Brain Cavernous Angiomas
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Cavernous angiomas, also referred to as cavernous malformations (CMs), cavernous hemangiomas, or cavernomas are benign intracranial vascular malformat ...
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Brain Death
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Brain death is both a legal and clinical term. The term has been present in medical literature and texts for many years as part of the National Confer ...
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Brain Death Criteria
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Brain death accounts for about 2% of deaths in the United States and is often caused by traumatic brain injury. Criteria of Brain death determination ...
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Brain Herniation
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Brain herniation, also called brain code, requires early diagnosis and prompt management in order to prevent irreversible pathological cascades that e ...
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Brain Metastasis
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Brain metastases are a common complication of cancer and the most common type of brain tumor. Anywhere from 10% to 26% of patients who die from their ...
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Brain Trauma
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Brain trauma or traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from a blow, bump, jolt, or penetrating injury to the head that disrupts the normal function of t ...
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Brainstem Death
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The revised memorandum in 1979 correlated the brain stem death with death itself. This activity outlines current recommendations set for diagnosing br ...
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Brainstem Infarction
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Brainstem infarcts are a collection of difficult to diagnose syndromes affecting the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. They can cause a v ...
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Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
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The human retina is the most metabolically expensive tissue in the human body. Processing visual input in the retina requires high quantities of arter ...
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Branchial Cleft Cyst
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Branchial cleft cysts, also known as branchial cleft anomalies, are congenital anomalies arising from the first through fourth pharyngeal pouches. The ...
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Branchial Cleft Cysts
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Branchial cleft cysts are congenital epithelial cysts that comprise approximately one-third of congenital neck masses. They are benign lesions and can ...
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BRASH Syndrome
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The BRASH acronym describes a syndrome involving bradycardia, renal failure, AV nodal blockade, shock, and hyperkalemia. The synergism between AV noda ...
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Braxton Hicks Contractions
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Braxton-Hicks contractions, also known as prodromal or false labor pains, are contractions of the uterus that typically are not felt until the second ...
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BRCA 1 and 2
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Breast cancer genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes whose mutations significantly increase the likelihood of developing particular types of ...
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Breach Rhythm
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Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a method of providing high temporal resolution of neurological activity of the brain. It is essential to know the benign ...
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Breast Abscess
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Breast abscesses are a common problem, especially in lactating women. Most breast abscesses are benign, however when a non-lactating patient presents ...
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Breast Augmentation
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Breast augmentation is a surgical procedure where the breast size is enhanced. Augmentation can be from the placement of an implant, or less commonly, ...
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Breast Biopsy
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With improved screening and diagnostic techniques, the incidence and prevalence of breast cancer are rising worldwide. In 2018 alone, there were 2.2 m ...
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Breast Cancer
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Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women, accounting for more than 1 in 10 new cancer diagnoses each year. It is the second most com ...
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Breast Cancer Conservation Therapy
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Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among females in the world. The rapid growth of breast conservation therapy has significantl ...
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Breast Cancer Surgery
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Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the U.S. with constantly evolving treatment guidelines. The treatment of breast cancer often invo ...
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Breast Cyst
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Breast cysts are a common diagnosis among women and one of the most common reasons for a referral to a breast clinic. These cysts can be entirely asym ...
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Breast Ductal Carcinoma in Situ
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Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast represents neoplastic lesions, typically localized to the breast ducts with no evidence of invasion into ...
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Breast Examination Techniques
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The ability to perform a thorough and accurate breast exam is an important skill for medical practitioners of many levels and across many specialties. ...
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Breast Fat Necrosis
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Breast fat necrosis is a non-suppurative inflammation of adipose tissue caused by the disruption of oxygen supply to fat cells, ultimately leading to ...
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Breast Fibroadenoma
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A breast fibroadenoma is a painless, unilateral, benign tumor that presents as a solid lump. It commonly occurs in women between the age of 14 to 35 y ...
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Breast Implant Rupture
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Breast augmentation is a surgical procedure designed to enhance the size of the patient's breasts, using implants (saline or silicone) or fat transfer ...
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Breast Implants
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Breast implants are used for breast augmentation in aesthetic as well as oncoplastic surgery. The various types of implants over the years have had di ...
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Breast Lymphatics
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Breast cancer is the most commonly seen cancer diagnosis in women worldwide. Lymph node involvement is one of the most important prognostic factors in ...
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Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Over the past several years, magnetic resonance imaging of the breast has become an increasingly important modality for screening for and diagnosing b ...
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Breast Milk Jaundice
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Breast milk jaundice is a type of jaundice that occurs in neonates due to breastfeeding. It happens within the first week of life due to the abnormal ...
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Breast Nipple Discharge
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Nipple discharge is fluid that leaks from one or both nipples of non-pregnant and non-breastfeeding women. Nipple discharge can at times be a complex ...
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Breast Ptosis
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Breast ptosis is characterized by an inferior descent of the nipple relative to the breast fold and lower pole skin redundancy. The patient's initial ...
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Breast Reconstruction
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Breast cancer is the most common cancer, and the second leading cause of cancer death, in women in the United States. Treatment has progressively impr ...
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Breast Reconstruction Expander Implant
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Breast reconstruction with implants was first described in the 1960s. While initially described as a single-stage procedure of permanent breast implan ...
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Breast Reconstruction Free Flaps
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The invention of silicone implants in the 1960s started the age of prosthetic breast reconstruction. Free flaps were not used until the late 1970s wh ...
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Breast Reconstruction Perforator Flaps
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This topic is about breast reconstruction using flaps in patients with breast cancer. There are different reconstructive options available for patient ...
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Breast Reduction
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This activity reviews breast reduction surgery and the multiple-step approach needed to achieve aesthetically-pleasing outcomes. The patient must be f ...
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Breast Self Examination
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Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy among female populations and is responsible for the second-highest number of cancer-related deaths in A ...
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Breast Transverse Rectus Abdominus Muscle Procedure
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Free tissue transfer has become a common technique for breast reconstruction following oncologic resection. Free transverse rectus abdominis muscle (T ...
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Breast Ultrasound
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Breast ultrasound is performed due to the high incidence rate of breast cancer amongst women globally. Ultrasound is typically used as an adjunct to m ...
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Breath Holding Spells
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Breath holding spells might be a frightening experience for children and consequently for their parents. Breath holding spells may occur in children w ...
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Breech Presentation
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Breech presentation refers to the fetus in the longitudinal lie with the buttocks or lower extremity entering the pelvis first. The three types of bre ...
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Brexanolone
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Brexanolone is a medication used in the treatment of postpartum depression in adult women. It is in the GABA-A modulator class of medications. This ac ...
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Brief Psychotic Disorder
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Brief psychotic disorder (BPD) according to DSM-5 is the sudden onset of psychotic behavior that lasts less than 1 month followed by complete remissio ...
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Brief Resolved Unexplained Event
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In 2016, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended replacing the term apparent life-threatening event (ALTE) with brief resolved unexplained even ...
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Broca Aphasia
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Broca’s aphasia is a non-fluent aphasia in which the output of spontaneous speech is markedly diminished and there is a loss of normal grammatical str ...
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Brodalumab
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Brodalumab is a monoclonal antibody approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of moderate to severe plaque ps ...
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Bromocriptine
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Bromocriptine is a medication currently used in the management and treatment of Type II diabetes mellitus. It is an ergot alkaloid derivative in the d ...
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Bronchial Atresia
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Congenital bronchial atresia is a rare condition characterized by focal obliteration of a proximal segment of a bronchus. The apicoposterior segmental ...
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Bronchial Carcinoid Tumors
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The endless types of pulmonary pathologies that exist present in a variety of different ways. With proper suspicion and medical knowledge, the correc ...
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Bronchiectasis
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Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung disease characterized by persistent and lifelong widening of the bronchial airways and weakening of the function muco ...
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Bronchiolitis
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Bronchiolitis is a common lung infection in young individuals. The viral infection involves the lower respiratory tract and can present with signs of ...
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Bronchiolitis Obliterans
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Bronchiolitis obliterans is also known as obliterative bronchiolitis or constrictive bronchiolitis. When it occurs after lung transplantation or hemat ...
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Bronchoalveolar Cancer
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Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) is a variant of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that, in recent years, has received a new identity and nomenclat ...
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Bronchoalveolar Lavage
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Bronchoalveolar Lavage or BAL is a minimally invasive procedure that involves instillation of sterile normal saline into a subsegment of the lung, fol ...
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Bronchodilators
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Bronchodilators are indicated for individuals that have lower than optimal airflow through the lungs. The mainstay of treatment is beta-2 agonists tha ...
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Bronchogenic Cyst
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Bronchogenic cysts are foregut-derived cystic malformations of the respiratory tract. They are usually located within the mediastinum at an early stag ...
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Bronchopleural Fistula
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Bronchopleural fistula (BPF) is a sinus tract between the main stem, lobar, or segmental bronchus and the pleural space. Treatment for BPF ranges from ...
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Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
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Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Despite significant advances in preterm inf ...
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Bronchoscopy
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A bronchoscopy is an essential tool for clinicians and health care providers treating patients with lung diseases. Since its introduction to clinical ...
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Brow Ptosis
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Brow ptosis is a common presenting complaint in aging patients; it can affect patients' quality of life because of its cosmetic impact as well as visu ...
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Brown Recluse Spider Toxicity
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In the United States, Loxosceles reclusa or brown recluse spiders are found mostly in the south, west, and midwest areas. They are usually in dark are ...
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Brown Sequard Syndrome
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Brown-Séquard syndrome is a neurologic syndrome resulting from hemisection of the spinal cord. It manifests with weakness or paralysis and propriocept ...
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Brown Syndrome
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True Brown syndrome is due to congenital causes, with a constant limitation of elevation and a positive traction test secondary to a tight superior ob ...
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Brucellosis
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Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by Brucella species. It is known by many other names, including remitting fever, undulant fever, Mediterra ...
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Brugada Syndrome
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Brugada syndrome is a rare but potentially life-threatening inherited disease that predisposes patients to fatal cardiac arrhythmias. The syndrome is ...
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Bruton Agammaglobulinemia
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Bruton agammaglobulinemia, also known as X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) or Bruton's agammaglobulinemia, is an inherited immunodeficiency disorder. ...
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Bruxism Management
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Bruxism can be defined as the involuntary, unconscious, and excessive grinding of teeth. Bruxism may occur while awake, and it is then called wakeful ...
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Budd Chiari Syndrome
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Hepatic venous outflow obstruction due to any cause except the cardiac ones regardless of the level of obstruction is known as Budd-Chiari syndrome. T ...
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Budesonide
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Budesonide is a medication used in the management and treatment of the inflammatory diseases, mainly affecting the airways and gastrointestinal tract. ...
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Buerger Disease
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Buerger disease is a nonatherosclerotic, progressive, segmental inflammatory disease affecting the small and medium-sized arteries of upper and lower ...
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Bulimia Nervosa
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Bulimia nervosa is a disorder that is characterized by binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behavior to control weight with potentially dangero ...
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Bullosis Diabeticorum
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Bullosis diabeticorum (BD), also known as diabetic bullae or bullous eruption of diabetes mellitus, is a specific type of skin lesion occurring in pat ...
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Bullous Emphysema
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The definition of a bulla is an air-filled space of 1 cm in diameter within the lung which has developed because of emphysematous destruction of the l ...
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Bullous Myringitis
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Bullous myringitis (BM) is a relatively common infectious condition characterized by bullae or vesicles on the tympanic membrane without affecting the ...
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Bullous Pemphigoid
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Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common autoimmune subepidermal blistering disorder, representing 80% of subepidermal immunobullous cases. Bullous ...
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Bullous Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
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Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus (BSLE) is a rare manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. It has clinical and histological features that ma ...
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Bullying
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Bullying is common in our society and has become a public health emergency. It is a form of repeated peer aggression which is intentional and involves ...
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Bumetanide
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Bumetanide is FDA approved for the management of various edematous conditions secondary to cardiac failure or hepatic or renal disease, including neph ...
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Buphthalmos
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The word buphthalmos originates from the Greek word "ox-eyed." Congenital enlargement of the eye was recognized as early as 400 BC by Hippocrates, and ...
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Bupivacaine
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Bupivacaine is a potent local anesthetic with unique characteristics from the amide group of local anesthetics. Local anesthetics are used in regional ...
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Buprenorphine
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Buprenorphine, a synthetic opioid, treats pain and opioid use syndrome. It was developed in the late 1960s. It is a synthetic analog of thebaine, whic ...
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Bupropion
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Bupropion is an antidepressant medication that is now also used in smoking cessation. Bupropion has been FDA-approved since 1985. The drug is FDA-appr ...
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Burkitt Lymphoma
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Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma. The disease is associated with Epstein Barr virus (EBV), human immunodeficiency vi ...
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Burn Debridement, Grafting, and Reconstruction
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When treating patients with thermal burns, the major surgical procedures will be debridement/excision, grafting, and reconstruction. This activity rev ...
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7 |
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Burn Evaluation And Management
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Burns are injuries of the skin involving the two layers: the thin, outer epidermis and the thicker, deeper dermis. 86% of burns are caused by thermal ...
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Burn Fluid Management
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In the United States, approximately 500,000 people seek care for burn injuries each year. For civilians, these injuries are typically sustained in hou ...
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Burn Resuscitation And Management
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Severe burns cause not only significant injury at the local burn site but also a systemic response throughout the body. Inflammatory and vasoactive m ...
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Burning Mouth Syndrome
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Burning mouth syndrome is a condition characterized by extremely painful burning sensation of the tongue and mucosal tissue of the mouth, lips, and/or ...
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Bursitis
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Bursitis is a swelling or inflammation of a bursa, which is a synovium-lined, sac-like structure found throughout the body near bony prominences and b ...
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Buspirone
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Buspirone is an anxiolytic. Originally the drug was being developed as an antipsychotic but found not to be effective for psychosis, but it had anxio ...
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8 |
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Busulfan
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Busulfan is a medication used in the management and treatment of allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation specifically for patients wi ...
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8 |
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Butterbur
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Butterbur (derived from the leaves of Petasites japonicus) is an herbal supplement that has been found to be effective in the prophylaxis of adult mig ...
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Byssinosis
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Following its relatively recent birth in the 1700s from the pioneering work of Dr. Bernardino Ramazzini, occupational medicine has grown to encompass ...
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C 17 Hydroxylase Deficiency
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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) covers a group of autosomal recessive disorders caused by a deficiency of one of the enzymes required for the ste ...
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C1 Esterase Inhibitor Deficiency
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C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, also known as hereditary angioedema, results in the unchecked production of the vasodilator bradykinin. This increas ...
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C1 Fractures
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The craniocervical junction is comprised of C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis). The occipito-atlantal and atlantoaxial articulations provide 50% of the flexion ...
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C2 Fractures
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Registry study places the incidence of C2 fracture at 6 per 100000 people. In Sweden, of 6370 patients with C2 fractures: 51% were male, and the avera ...
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Cachexia
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Cachexia is a complicated metabolic syndrome related to underlying illness and characterized by muscle mass loss with or without fat mass loss that is ...
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8 |
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Cadmium Toxicity
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Cadmium is a heavy metal that causes direct harm to humans in several forms. It is regularly found with other heavy metals such as zinc, copper, and ...
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Cafe Au Lait Macules
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Cafe-au-lait macules (CALMs) are common pigmented lesions found in the general population. They can be described as well-circumscribed, pigmented macu ...
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Caffeine
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Caffeine is a naturally occurring, central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class and is the most widely taken psychoactive stimul ...
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Caffeine Toxicity
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Caffeine is a stimulant that has been utilized globally for centuries secondary to its ability to improve mental alertness. As many as 85% of American ...
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Caffeine Withdrawal
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Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class and is one of the most widely used drugs in the world. Unlike other p ...
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Calcaneofibular Ligament Injury
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Isolated calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) injuries are rare. CFL injuries are often described in the lateral ankle compartment, specifically associated ...
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Calcaneus Fractures
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Calcaneus fractures are rare but potentially debilitating injuries. The calcaneus is one of seven tarsal bones and is part of the hind-foot which incl ...
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Calcified Plaque
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Coronary artery calcification is frequently encountered during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Calcified plaque poses numerous challenges t ...
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Calcifying Epithelioma of Malherbe
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A pilomatrixoma, or calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe, is a benign tumor of the hair follicle matrix that exclusively occurs in heat-bearing areas. T ...
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Calcineurin Inhibitors
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Calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) are composed of three drugs (cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and pimecrolimus). They are primarily used as immunosuppressive dr ...
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Calcinosis Cutis
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Calcinosis cutis occurs when calcium salts are deposited into the skin and subcutaneous tissue. It is classified into five main types: dystrophic, met ...
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Calciphylaxis
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Calciphylaxis, also known as calcific uremic arteriolopathy, is a rare but potentially devastating condition most often observed in patients with end- ...
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Calcitonin
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Salmon calcitonin (after this referred to as “calcitonin”) is an analog of human calcitonin used in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, Page ...
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Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor
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CGRP receptor antagonists and monoclonal antibodies against CGRP and its receptor are medications used in the management and treatment of migraine, wh ...
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Calcitriol
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Calcitriol is a hormonally-active, synthetic, vitamin D analog prescribed for the treatment of hypocalcemia, osteoporosis, and prevention of corticost ...
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Calcium Carbonate
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Calcium carbonate is an inorganic salt primarily used in the management and treatment of low calcium conditions, GERD, CKD, and a variety of other ind ...
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Calcium Channel Blocker Toxicity
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Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are among the most commonly used cardiovascular drugs in the adult population. Like most other medications, when calci ...
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Calcium Channel Blockers
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Calcium channel antagonists, also known as calcium channel blockers (CCBs), have been widely used for many indications. These agents are often classif ...
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Calcium Gluconate
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Calcium gluconate is a medication used to manage hypocalcemia, cardiac arrest, and cardiotoxicity due to hyperkalemia or hypermagnesemia. It is classi ...
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Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease
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Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPPD) is a crystal deposition arthropathy involving the synovial and periarticular tissues. Its clinical pre ...
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Caloric Testing
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Caloric testing is a useful clinical tool that can assess and quantify the functional status of the individual vestibular systems. The test utilizes t ...
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Cameron Lesions
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Cameron lesions are a rare cause of upper GI bleeding that is localized to the gastric body mucosa of patients with large hiatal hernias. It causes oc ...
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Campylobacter
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Campylobacter is a bacterial species that represent one of the most common causes of diarrheal illness worldwide. This infection is associated with th ...
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Canalicular Laceration
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Canalicular lacerations occur in people of all age groups, with causes ranging from fistfights to dog bites. In order to avoid the high morbidity asso ...
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Canaliculitis
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Canaliculitis is inflammation of the lacrimal canaliculus. It is an uncommon condition which ophthalmologists frequently misdiagnose. The condition is ...
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Canavan Disease
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Canavan disease, also called Canavan-Van Bogaert-Bertrand disease, is a rare, progressive, and fatal neurological hereditary disorder that begins in i ...
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Cancer Breast Screening
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In women, breast cancer is number one in incidence and mortality when compared to all cancers. It is the most common non-skin cancer and second deadli ...
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Cancer Chemotherapy
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Chemotherapy in cancer has merged the disease course from a terminal and catastrophic result in merely all cases to a treatable and sometimes curable ...
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Cancer Screening
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Cancer screening is pivotal in reducing the mortality and morbidity from cancer. Some of the screening methods, like a pap smear, has been successful ...
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Cancer-associated Thrombosis
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Cancer-associated thrombosis is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality for cancer patients. It commonly occurs in patients with clinical ...
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Candesartan
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Candesartan is an oral angiotensin II receptor blocker. It is available as a pro-drug, candesartan cilexetil, which undergoes hydrolysis in the gastro ...
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Candida Auris
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Candida auris is an emerging fungal pathogen that is associated with nosocomial infections and is considered a serious global health threat. It has nu ...
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Candidiasis
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Candidiasis is an opportunistic infection due to Candida, which can affect the oral cavity, vagina, penis, or other parts of the body. Untreated Candi ...
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Cannabidiol (CBD)
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CBD is a medication used in the management and treatment of the seizure disorders Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome. This activity describes ...
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Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome
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Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a condition in which a patient experiences cyclical nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain after using cannabi ...
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Cannabinoid Toxicity
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Cannabinoids are a collective group of compounds that act on cannabinoid receptors. They include plant-derived phytocannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoi ...
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Cannabinoids
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Cannabinoids are biologically active compounds used in the management and treatment of appetite/weight loss from HIV/AIDS and chemotherapy in addition ...
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Cannabis Use Disorder
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Cannabis use can cause intoxication, withdrawal, and biopsychosocial issues. This activity describes the evaluation and management of cannabis use dis ...
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Cannaboinoid Antiemetic Therapy
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There are currently three cannabinoids available on the pharmaceutical market. Dronabinol and nabilone are both synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) ...
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Capgras Syndrome
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Capgras syndrome is the most prevalent delusional misidentification syndrome and is characterized as a delusion of doubles. Patients falsely believe t ...
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Capillary Infantile Hemangiomas
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Capillary hemangiomas (infantile hemangiomas, juvenile hemangiomas, hemangioblastomas, or strawberry nevi of infancy) are common benign orbital neopla ...
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Caplan Syndrome
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Caplan syndrome was first described in 1953 by Dr. Anthony Caplan, a provider on the Cardiff pneumoconiosis panel, as radiologic evidence of intrapulm ...
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Capnography And Pulse Oximetry
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Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive measure of oxygen saturation. Capnography is a method of monitoring the concentration or partial pressure of carbon di ...
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Capsaicin
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Capsaicin is a chili pepper extract, genus Capsicum, with analgesic properties. Since its discovery, it is used as a homeopathic remedy to treat burni ...
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Capsule Endoscopy
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Capsule endoscopy, also known as wireless capsule endoscopy or video capsule endoscopy, is a gastrointestinal study that uses a pill camera to take im ...
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Activity Info
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Captopril
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Captopril is an FDA-approved medication used in the management of hypertension, left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction, and diabetic ...
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Activity Info
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Carbamate Toxicity
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Carbamates are a class of insecticides structurally and mechanistically similar to organophosphate (OP) insecticides. Carbamates are N-methyl carbamat ...
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Carbamazepine
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Carbamazepine is used in the management and treatment for epilepsy, trigeminal neuralgia, and acute manic and mixed episodes in bipolar I disorder. In ...
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Carbamazepine Toxicity
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Carbamazepine is a commonly prescribed agent for focal epilepsy and other nonepileptic conditions such as neuropathic pain, schizophrenia, and bipolar ...
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8 |
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Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
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Gram-negative bacterial resistance to antibiotics has decreased the physician’s ability to combat infection. Carbapenems are the most potent beta-lact ...
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Carbidopa
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Carbidopa is a medication used in the management and treatment of Parkinson disease (PD). It is in the decarboxylase inhibitor class of drugs. This ac ...
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Carbon Dioxide Angiography
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) angiography is an alternative to conventionial iodinated contrast angiography, particularly in situations where there are contrai ...
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Activity Info
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Carbon Dioxide Embolism
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Laparoscopic surgery has gained increasing popularity in clinical practice. As part of laparoscopic surgeries, gas insufflation is usually adopted to ...
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Carbon Dioxide Narcosis
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) narcosis is a condition that develops when excessive CO2 is present in the bloodstream, leading to a depressed level of conscious ...
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Activity Info
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Carbon Monoxide Toxicity
|
Carbon monoxide toxicity occurs after breathing in excessive levels of carbon monoxide. This is a tasteless, odorless, and colorless gas and victims a ...
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Carbon Tetrachloride Toxicity
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Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is an important agent for multiple purposes, such as cleaning purposes, industrial agents, etc. But it can cause several a ...
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Activity Info
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Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
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Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are a medication used in the management and treatment of glaucoma, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, altitude sickne ...
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Activity Info
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Carboxyhemoglobin Toxicity
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Carbon monoxide is a tasteless, odorless, colorless, and non-irritating gas formed with the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons (fossil fuels). It i ...
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Carbuncle
|
A carbuncle is an infection of the hair follicle(s) that extends into the surrounding skin and deep underlying subcutaneous tissue. They typically pre ...
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Carcinoid Syndrome
|
Carcinoid syndrome refers to a number of symptoms caused by the release of humoral factors such as polypeptides, prostaglandins, and biogenic amines. ...
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Carcinoid Tumors
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Carcinoid tumors are slow-growing tumors arising from neuroendocrine cells and capable of secreting a variety of peptides and neuroamines. The common ...
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Carcinomatous Meningitis
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Carcinomatous meningitis is the dissemination of malignant cells from the primary tumor sites to leptomeningeal layers of the CNS. It occurs in the ad ...
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Cardiac Abscess
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A cardiac abscess is a suppurative infection of the myocardium, endocardium, native or prosthetic valve tissue. Similar to other abscesses, it develop ...
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Cardiac Arrest
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As defined by the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology, "(sudden) cardiac arrest is the sudden cessation of cardiac activ ...
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Cardiac Calcifications
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Cardiac calcifications carry different diagnostic and prognostic significance depending on their location. They can involve the coronary arteries, car ...
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Cardiac Cancer
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Cardiac tumors are uncommon and can be primary or metastatic. Primary cardiac tumors are rare, and the incidence is from 0.001 to 0.3% by autopsy. The ...
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Cardiac Catheterization Risks and Complications
|
Cardiac catheterization is one of the most widely performed cardiac procedures. In the United States, more than 1,000,000 cardiac catheterization proc ...
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Cardiac Chromaffin Cell Pheochromocytoma
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Cardiac pheochromocytoma is a rare type of primary cardiac tumor. It is a catecholamine-secreting tumor that can cause serious morbidity and mortality ...
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Cardiac Cirrhosis
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Cardiac cirrhosis is a term used to include the spectrum of hepatic disorders that occur secondary to hepatic congestion due to cardiac dysfunction, e ...
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Cardiac Disease In Pregnancy
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Many cardiac diseases during pregnancy are under investigation, and many others which are still not understood require further inquiry. Some of these ...
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Cardiac Fibroma
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Cardiac fibromas are the second most common primary cardiac tumor after rhabdomyoma in children. They are primarily composed of connective tissue and ...
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Cardiac Imaging
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As innovative technology has progressed throughout the field of medicine, so too has the ability to visualize the heart and its vasculature noninvasiv ...
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Cardiac Manifestations Of Coronavirus (COVID-19)
|
Coronaviruses are a large family of single positive-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses that can infect many animal species and humans. Human coronaviruse ...
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Cardiac Rehabilitation
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and the leading cause of death in the United States. Cardiac rehabilitati ...
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Cardiac Rhabdomyoma
|
Cardiac rhabdomyoma is a rare tumor. It arises from the striated muscles. It is a type of hamartoma seen in the pediatric age group. Although mostly a ...
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Cardiac Risk Assessment
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This activity reviews the presurgical cardiac risk assessment and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in optimizing presurgical fitness ...
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Cardiac Risk Stratification
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Cardiac risk stratification is an essential evaluation among health professionals. In today's world, cardiovascular disease is the number one cause o ...
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Cardiac Stress Imaging
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Cardiac stress imaging is a noninvasive modality used in evaluating coronary artery disease, myocardium viability, and exercise capacity. This activit ...
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Cardiac Surgery
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Cardiac surgery is the specialty of medicine concerning the surgical treatment of pathologies related to the heart and thoracic aorta. The spectrum of ...
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Cardiac Syncope
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Syncope, a sudden, transient loss of consciousness and postural tone, is a phenomenon estimated to affect 30% to 40% of the population, and those numb ...
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Cardiac Tamponade
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Cardiac tamponade is a medical emergency that takes place when abnormal amounts of fluid accumulate in the pericardial sac compressing the heart and l ...
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Cardiac Trauma
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Cardiac trauma can be categorized as either blunt or penetrating according to the mechanism of injury. Outcomes range from spontaneously-resolving arr ...
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Cardiac Ultrasound
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Cardiac ultrasound, or echocardiography, is a noninvasive diagnostic modality that can provide detailed hemodynamic information in a short period of t ...
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Cardioactive Steroid Toxicity
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Cardioactive steroids (CAS) are medically important compounds historically used for conditions like edema and "dropsy." They are available in several ...
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Cardioembolic Stroke
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An estimated 26 million people suffer a stroke each year, making it a significant source of mortality and long-term disability. Up to two-thirds of st ...
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Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema
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Pulmonary edema refers to the accumulation of excessive fluid in the alveolar walls and alveolar spaces of the lungs. It can be a life-threatening con ...
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Cardiogenic Shock
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Cardiogenic shock is a primary cardiac disorder characterized by a low cardiac output state of circulatory failure that results in end-organ hypoperfu ...
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Cardiomegaly
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Cardiomegaly is an umbrella designation for a variety of conditions leading to enlargement of the heart which usually remains undiagnosed until the sy ...
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Cardioplegia
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Cardioplegia serves to intentionally and temporarily arrest the heart for myocardial protection during cardiac surgery. This activity describes cardio ...
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Cardiopulmonary Arrest In Adults
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Cardiopulmonary arrest is the cessation of adequate heart function and respiration and results in death without reversal. Often this condition is foun ...
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Cardiopulmonary Arrest In Children
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Unlike in adults, cardiopulmonary arrest in rare in children and less likely to be a primary cardiac event. Early onset of effective, high-quality CPR ...
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Cardiopulmonary Bypass
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Cardiopulmonary bypass has become the standard of care for many cardiac procedures. The procedure is relatively safe if the duration of surgery is not ...
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Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing
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Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a diagnostic modality used to evaluate a patient's functional capacity. The test can provide a wealth of kn ...
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Cardiopulmonary Fitness
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Cardiopulmonary fitness testing is a durable and versatile tool that provides valuable diagnostic and prognostic information regarding patients with c ...
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Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
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Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) comprises a group of interventions performed to provide oxygenation and circulation to the body during cardiac arr ...
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Cardiorenal Syndrome
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The cardiorenal syndrome includes multiple subtypes based on underlying pathology and chronicity. Each subtype involves unique pathophysiology, and th ...
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Cardiovascular Disease
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The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and its blood vessels. A wide array of problems can arise within the cardiovascular system, a few of w ...
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Care Of A Central Line
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Central venous catheters (CVC) are frequently used in critical care units, hemodialysis units, and oncology units for the administration of intravenou ...
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Care Of A Chest Tube
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There are variable practice patterns used to manage chest tubes. Care and management of the chest tube are subject to the direction of the responsible ...
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Carisoprodol
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Carisoprodol is an FDA-approved drug indicated for the relief of discomfort associated with acute, painful musculoskeletal conditions. Although market ...
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Carney Complex
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Carney complex (CNC) is a rare genetic disorder associated with one of the multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes. Carney complex affects multip ...
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Carnitine Deficiency
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Carnitine deficiency is a condition characterized by low carnitine levels in the body. Carnitine deficiency could be primary (due to defect in carniti ...
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Caroli Disease
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Caroli disease is a rare inherited disorder involving segmental dilatation of large, intrahepatic bile ducts which appear as cysts on imaging and hist ...
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Carotenemia
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First described in 1919 by Hess and Meyers, carotenemia is the medical terminology describing yellow-orange skin pigmentation due to high levels of ca ...
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Carotid Artery Dissection
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Carotid artery dissection is a condition whereby the layers of the carotid artery are spontaneously separated. This potentially compromises blood flow ...
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Carotid Artery Fibromuscular Dysplasia
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Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) of the carotid artery is a non-atherosclerotic and noninflammatory disease that can lead to stenosis and/or aneurysm of ...
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Carotid Artery Stenosis
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The distinction between hemodynamic and embolic stroke in the setting of chronic internal carotid artery occlusion is important. Embolic symptoms are ...
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Carotid Artery Stenting
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Traditionally, carotid endarterectomy (CEA) has been the primary method of treating high-grade asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid artery stenosis. A ...
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Carotid Artery Surgery
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Symptoms of extracranial carotid disease are usually caused by embolization. Arterial emboli account for approximately 25 percent of strokes in Europe ...
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Carotid Bruit
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A carotid bruit is a vascular sound usually heard with a stethoscope over the carotid artery because of turbulent, non-laminar blood flow through a st ...
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Carotid Cavernous Fistula
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Carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) is an abnormal shunt from the carotid artery to the cavernous sinus. The symptomatology of CCFs is mainly a result of ...
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Carotid Contusion
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The neck has several important anatomical structures which include the carotid arteries bilaterally. While the injury to the carotid artery is not a c ...
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Carotid Endarterectomy
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Atherosclerosis can lead to a build-up of plaque in the carotid artery, causing narrowing and carotid artery disease, which increases the risk for cer ...
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Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity
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Carotid sinus hypersensitivity is an exaggerated response to pressure applied to the carotid sinus located in the carotid bifurcation, resulting in br ...
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Carotidynia
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Carotidynia, also known as Fay syndrome or TIPIC Syndrome, is a rare vascular disorder that presents with atypical pain in the face and neck area. The ...
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Carpal Ligament Instability
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Carpal instability secondary to ligamentous disruption is a broad, complex topic that includes a number of causes. This activity will cover the two mo ...
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Carpal Tunnel Injection
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Carpal tunnel injections are performed because of the extremely high prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in the general population. Carpal tunnel syn ...
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
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Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is an entrapment neuropathy caused by compression of the median nerve as it travels through the wrist's carpal tunnel. It ...
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Cartilage Graft
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Cartilage graft transplantation is frequently used in the treatment of chondral and osteochondral lesions, most commonly in the knee. These procedures ...
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Carvedilol
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Carvedilol is a non-selective adrenergic blocker indicated for the chronic therapy of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), hypertensi ...
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Caspofungin
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Caspofungin is a drug in the echinocandins class of medications, used in the management and treatment of several medical conditions. These conditions ...
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Castor Oil
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Castor oil is a vegetable oil made from Ricinus communis, a plant common in the Eastern areas of the world. Castor oil is most well known for its laxa ...
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Cat Scratch Disease
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Cat scratch disease is an illness caused by an intracellular gram-negative rod known as Bartonella henselae. It affects the lymph nodes draining the a ...
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Cataplexy
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Cataplexy, a physical feature of narcolepsy, is characterized by transient episodes of voluntary muscle weakness precipitated by intense emotion. Subj ...
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Cataract
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A cataract is a disease of the eye in which the normally clear lens has opacified which obscures the passage of light. It is a gradually progressive d ...
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Cataract Surgery
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Cataracts are the world’s leading cause of remediable blindness. While some cataracts, may be congenital, secondary to trauma, or drug-induced, most c ...
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Catatonia
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Catatonia, a neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by abnormal movements, behaviors, and withdrawal, is a condition that is most often seen in mood ...
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Catatonic Schizophrenia
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Catatonic schizophrenia is one of the classical clinical subtypes of schizophrenia. The concept of catatonic symptoms in schizophrenia has changed thr ...
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Caterpillar and Moth Bites
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"Lepidopterism" refers to various skin and systemic reactions secondary to contact with moth and butterfly larvae or caterpillars (order Lepidoptera). ...
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