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Vasculitis is a heterogeneous group of pathologies characterized by inflammation if vessels. They share common links of ...
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Allergic interstitial nephritis (AIN) is the most common form of acute interstitial nephritis. It is most often caused b ...
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Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is used by less than 7 percent of dialysis patients in the United States. In Canada, more than ...
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Tacrolimus is a medication used in the prevention and treatment of solid-organ transplant rejection. It is in the calcin ...
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Alprostadil is a medication used in the management and treatment of erectile dysfunction in males and for temporary pate ...
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HIV-associated nephropathy is an aggressive condition that requires prompt diagnosis to prevent permanent damage to rena ...
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| Title | Description | Hours | Questions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acute Kidney Injury | Acute kidney injury, previously known as acute renal failure, denotes a sudden and often reversible reduction in the kidney function, as measured by ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 15 | Activity Info |
| Acute Pyelonephritis | Acute pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection causing inflammation of the kidneys. Pyelonephritis occurs as a complication of an ascending urinary tra ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Acute Renal Colic | Acute renal colic is severe pain resulting from the presence of a stone in the urinary system. The stone can be present anywhere along the path betwee ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Acute Renal Tubular Necrosis | The most common intrinsic cause of acute kidney injury is acute tubular necrosis. Acute tubular necrosis is most common in hospitalized patients and c ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Adult Dehydration | Dehydration is a common condition that affects patients of all ages. Dehydration may complicate other medical problems and may cause significant illne ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Aliskiren | Aliskiren is a direct renin inhibitor medication that is FDA approved to treat hypertension in adults and children six years and older. It may be used ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Allergic Interstitial Nephritis | Allergic interstitial nephritis (AIN) is the most common form of acute interstitial nephritis. It is most often caused by exposure to a drug. AIN is o ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Alpha Blockers | Alpha-blockers are medications used in the management and treatment of essential hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and pheochromocytom ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Alprostadil | Alprostadil is a medication used in the management and treatment of erectile dysfunction in males and for temporary patency of ductus arteriosus in ne ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Aminoglycosides | While aminoglycosides are an older class of medication, they continue to be clinically valuable. Aminoglycosides have a broad spectrum of activity cov ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Amphotericin B | Amphotericin B deoxycholate belongs to the polyene class of antifungals. It is also known by the name conventional amphotericin B and has been used fo ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Amyloidosis | Amyloidosis is a heterogeneous acquired or hereditary disease that results from the abnormal deposition of beta-sheet fibrillar protein aggregates in ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Analgesic Nephropathy | Analgesic nephropathy is chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis caused by chronic use of analgesics such as acetaminophen, aspirin, and NSAIDs as the pr ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Anaphylaxis | Anaphylaxis is an acute, life-threatening hypersensitivity disorder, defined as a generalized, rapidly-evolving, multi-systemic allergic reaction. Ana ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 11 | Activity Info |
| Anasarca | Anasarca is a serious condition in which there is a generalized accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. This accumulation of fluid occurs whe ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Anemia Of Chronic Renal Disease | Anemia of chronic renal disease, also known as anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD), is a form of normocytic, normochromic, hypoproliferative anemia ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Angiography | Angiography is performed to image the anatomical and structural details of the vascular system, including the cardiac chambers. Initially used for str ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB) | Pharmaceutical RAAS blockade has is a common and successful strategy in the treatment of several diseases, including hypertension, congestive heart fa ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Antihypertensive Medications | Hypertension (HTN) is considered one of the leading causes of increased cardiovascular disease. Lowering blood pressure does reduce cardiovascular ris ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Bladder Catheterization | Bladder catheterization is a commonly performed procedure in all hospitals. It can be performed by external, urethral, and suprapubic techniques. It i ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Bumetanide | Bumetanide is FDA approved for the management of various edematous conditions secondary to cardiac failure, or hepatic or renal disease, including the ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Cardiogenic Shock | Cardiogenic shock is a primary cardiac disorder characterized by a low cardiac output state of circulatory failure that results in end-organ hypoperfu ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Chronic Renal Failure | Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as the presence of kidney damage or an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 ml/min per 1.7 ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 17 | Activity Info |
| Chronic Transplantation Rejection | Transplant rejection can be classified as hyperacute, acute, or chronic. Hyperacute rejection is usually caused by specific antibodies against the gra ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Competency and Capacity | This article reviews the concepts of capacity and competency with regard to clinical practice. More specifically, it discusses the foundational ethica ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy | Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is one of the renal replacement methods that include intermittent hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Th ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Contrast Agent Toxicity | Contrast agents, also called contrast media, are substances used to enhance the radiodensity of a targeted tissue by altering the way that electromagn ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Contrast-Induced Nephropathy | Iodine contrast medium is essential in invasive and interventional cardiac procedures. Because of an increasing number of coronary angiography and cor ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Corticosteroids | Corticosteroids are drugs used in the management and treatment of almost all areas in medicine. This activity outlines the indications, action, and co ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Cystic Kidney Disease | Cystic kidney diseases are multisystemic disorders that can develop due to genetic or non-genetic causes in children and adults. These can be a seriou ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Diabetic Nephropathy | Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the main cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in developed countries, including the United States. It is consider ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Dialysis Catheter | Dialysis catheters are artificial indwelling transcutaneous conduits used to access the intravascular space or intraperitoneal space for renal replace ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Dialysis Disequilibrium Syndrome | Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome (DDS) refers to an array of neurological manifestations that are seen during or following dialysis. The symptoms can ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Dialysis Fistula | Dialysis fistula creation is a commonly performed procedure for patients with end-stage renal disease who require permanent vascular access for hemodi ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Double J Placement Methods Comparative Analysis | Every urologist seems to have his own unique and personal procedure for double J stent placement as there is no single, universally accepted or recomm ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| End-Stage Renal Disease | More than 500,000 people in the United States live with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its progre ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Erythropoietin | Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone, naturally produced by the peritubular cells of the kidney, that stimulates red blood cell production. ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Esophagitis | Esophagitis refers to inflammation or injury to the esophageal mucosa. One of the most common causes is gastroesophageal reflux, which can lead to ero ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Extrapyramidal Symptoms | Extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), commonly referred to as drug-induced movement disorders are among the most common adverse drug effects patients exp ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Femoral Vein Central Venous Access | Venous access can be obtained through the cannulation of peripheral veins, such as the antecubital vein or saphenous vein, or central veins, such as t ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Furosemide | Furosemide is a loop diuretic that has been in use for decades. However, clinicians must be aware of updates related to the indications and administra ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Glomerulonephritis | The term "glomerulonephritis" encompasses a subset of renal diseases characterized by immune-mediated damage to the basement membrane, mesangium, or t ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Hand Hygiene | Handwashing practices in the patient care setting began in the early 19th century. The practice evolved over the years with evidential proof of its va ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Hematuria | Hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine. Hematuria can be gross or microscopic; gross hematuria is visible blood in urine whereas microscopic ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Hemodialysis | Dialysis is a form of renal replacement therapy. The kidney’s role of filtration of the blood is supplemented by artificial equipment for the removal ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 7 | Activity Info |
| Hepatitis B Vaccine | The hepatitis B vaccine is a medication used in the prevention of hepatitis B infection, which can lead to chronic liver failure and hepatocellular ca ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 9 | Activity Info |
| HIV Nephropathy | HIV-associated nephropathy is an aggressive condition that requires prompt diagnosis to prevent permanent damage to renal function. While the advent o ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Hydrochlorothiazide | Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is a thiazide-type diuretic which has been used clinically for more than half a century. The drug has been widely used to t ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Hypercalcemia | Calcium is the most abundant cation found in the human body and plays an integral role in neural transmission, enzyme activity, myocardial function, c ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Hyperkalemia | Hyperkalemia is defined as a serum or plasma potassium level above the upper limits of normal, usually greater than 5.0 mEq/L to 5.5 mEq/L. While mild ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 12 | Activity Info |
| Hypermagnesemia | Magnesium is an essential element for the life of plants as it is part of chlorophyll. Moreover, it is abundant in animal tissues, where it is fundame ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Hypertensive Emergency | A hypertensive emergency is an acute, marked elevation in blood pressure that is associated with signs of target-organ damage. These can include pulmo ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Hypertonic Fluids | Clinicians use hypertonic fluids to increase intravascular fluid volume. Hypertonic saline can be utilized in the treatment of hyponatremia. Hypertoni ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Hypocalcemia | Disorders of calcium metabolism are frequently encountered. Though hypocalcemia is encountered as frequently as hypercalcemia, it can be potentially l ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 12 | Activity Info |
| Hypokalemia | One of the most common electrolyte disturbances seen in clinical practice is hypokalemia. Hypokalemia is more prevalent than hyperkalemia, and most ca ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Hypomagnesemia | Magnesium is an important electrolyte. It is a key part of many reactions that occur in the human body, affecting cellular function, nerve conduction, ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| IgA Nephropathy | IgA nephropathy is a common form of glomerulonephritis caused by the deposition of IgA immunoglobulins in the glomerular basement membrane. Immune-med ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Iron | Iron is a mineral essential to the human body. It is administered for the treatment of iron deficiency. It is available in many formulations that belo ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Iron Supplementation | Iron is a medication used in the management and treatment of iron deficiency anemia. This activity illustrates the indications, action, and contraind ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Kidney Transplantation | Kidney transplantation is performed to prolong and improve the lives of those with end-stage renal disease. Open and laparoscopic surgery are the two ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Loop Diuretics | Loop diuretics are medications used in the management and treatment of fluid overload conditions such as heart failure, nephrotic syndrome or cirrhosi ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Losartan | Losartan is FDA approved for the treatment of several medical conditions, which include the following: hypertension, diabetic nephropathy. ARBs are kn ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Lung Transplantation | Lung transplantation is the ultimate treatment option for patients with end-stage lung disease. Despite the significant advancement in the medical man ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Magnesium | Magnesium use is indicated for a variety of diseases. This is due to the variety of effects magnesium has within the body. Administration of magnesium ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Malaria | Malaria is a parasitic infection transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito that leads to acute life-threatening disease and poses a significant global hea ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Medical Error Reduction and Prevention | This activity provides an in-depth description of the significance of medical error in the practice of medicine. It also highlights a number of impor ... Read the Article | 2 | 25 | Activity Info |
| Mesna | Mesna is a medication used in the management and treatment of hemorrhagic cystitis associated with chemotherapy. This activity outlines the indication ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Minimal Change Disease | Minimal change disease (MCD), is one of the most common causes of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children. In the past, MCD was given the labels "ni ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Naproxen | Naproxen is FDA-approved for the treatment of acute gout, ankylosing spondylitis, bursitis, polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, osteoarthriti ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Nephrotoxic Medications | Numerous drugs used in the management and treatment of multiple diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, and other pathologies, are nephrotoxic. Th ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Nitrates | Nitrates are useful in the management and treatment of angina. They are a group of medications that cause vasodilation by donating nitric oxide. This ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Nitrofurantoin | Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic medication that is used for the treatment of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection. It is effective against most ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Nocturia | Nocturia is defined as the need for patients to get up at night on a regular basis to urinate. A period of sleep must precede and follow the urinary e ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Osteomalacia | Vitamin D deficiency accounts for the most common nutritional deficiency among children and adults. Osteomalacia describes a disorder of “bone softeni ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Perinephric Abscess | A perinephric abscess is usually a complication of urologic infection which results from fat necrosis. Before the era of antibiotics, perinephric absc ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Peritoneal Dialysis | Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is used by less than 7 percent of dialysis patients in the United States. In Canada, more than 50 percent of dialysis patient ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Polycystic Kidney Disease | Polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is an autosomal dominant disorder. It is a multisystem and progressive disease with cysts formation and kidney enlar ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Post Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders | Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a well-known, life-threatening complication of organ transplantation, predominantly occurring a ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Postobstructive Diuresis | Urinary retention is a relatively common urological problem encountered in both inpatient and outpatient settings. It should be high on the differenti ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis | Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) results from a bacterial infection that causes rapid deterioration of the kidney function due to an inflam ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Prerenal Kidney Failure | Prerenal AKI is an extensively researched topic, which requires prompt identification and early intervention to prevent long term sequelae. This activ ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Prevention of Inappropriate Self-Extraction of Foley Catheters | Prevention of painful, traumatic Foley catheter removals and early identification of catheter mal-positioning can minimize pain, urinary tract infecti ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Renal Calculi | Renal calculi are a common cause of blood in the urine (hematuria) and pain in the abdomen, flank, or groin. They occur in one in 11 people at some ti ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Renal Failure | The term renal failure denotes inability of the kidneys to perform excretory function leading to retention of nitrogenous waste products from the bloo ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Rhabdomyolysis | Rhabdomyolysis is a state of muscle injury that can lead to several forms of systemic insult, with the most important being acute kidney injury, elect ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Simple Renal Cyst | A simple kidney cyst is the most common type of renal cyst. It is a fluid-filled sac that originates from the surface of the kidney. One or more simpl ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Spironolactone | Spironolactone is a medication used in the management and treatment of hypertension and heart failure with some indications aside from cardiovascular ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Tacrolimus | Tacrolimus is a medication used in the prevention and treatment of solid-organ transplant rejection. It is in the calcineurin-inhibitor class of medic ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Thiazide Diuretics | Thiazide diuretics are an FDA-approved class of drugs that inhibit the reabsorption of 3% to 5% of luminal sodium in the distal convoluted tubule of t ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Topiramate | Topiramate is a medication used in the management and treatment of epilepsy and migraine. It is in the second-generation anti-epileptic drugs class of ... Read the Article | 1 | 3 | Activity Info |
| Types of Arteriovenous Fistulas | Nearly half a million people require hemodialysis, and each year approximately 100,000 new cases of end-stage renal disease are diagnosed. Consequentl ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Uremia | Uremia is a clinical condition associated with worsening renal function. It is characterized by fluid, electrolyte, hormonal, and metabolic abnormalit ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Uremic Encephalopathy | Uremic encephalopathy is a cerebral dysfunction caused by the accumulation of toxins as a result of acute or chronic renal failure. The clinical prese ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Uremic Pericarditis | The pericardium is the fibroelastic sac surrounding the heart. It is composed of two layers, visceral and parietal, that are separated by a potential ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis | Uric acid nephrolithiasis is commonly seen with certain conditions like metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Increasing a ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Urinary Incontinence | Urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine. This condition is prevalent in elderly adults, impacting both health and quality of life, bu ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 11 | Activity Info |
| Urinary Tract Infection | Forty percent of women in the United States will develop a urinary tract infection (UTI) at some point in her lifetime, making this one of the most co ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Urolithiasis | Urolithiasis is a common condition, and it accounts for a large number of hospital visits. It is frequently preventable by modification of risk factor ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity Info |
| Vascular Tunneled Central Catheter Access | In contrast to non-tunneled central venous catheters (CVCs), subcutaneously tunneled CVCs travel under the skin, away from the point of venous entry, ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 8 | Activity Info |
| Vasculitis | Vasculitis is a heterogeneous group of pathologies characterized by inflammation if vessels. They share common links of clinical, laboratory, and path ... Read the Article | 1 | 2 | Activity Info |
| Vitamin B1 Thiamine Deficiency | Thiamine, or vitamin B1, was the first vitamin identified to be identified. It functions as a catalyst in the generation of energy through decarboxyla ... Read the Article | 1 | 4 | Activity Info |
| Vitamin D Deficiency | Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin used by the body for normal bone development and maintenance by increasing the absorption of calcium, magnesium, an ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity Info |
| Wilms Tumor | Wilms tumor, or nephroblastoma, is the most common pediatric renal cancer, the most common pediatric abdominal cancer, and the fourth most common pedi ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 7 | Activity Info |
Stay up to date on the latest medical knowledge with this Nurse-Nephrology (CNN) activity. In this online self-assessment activity, read our reference articles and test your knowledge with 103 activities in Nurse-Nephrology (CNN) for 106.75 total CE hours.