[1]
Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, Bellomo R, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS, Levy MM, Marshall JC, Martin GS, Opal SM, Rubenfeld GD, van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Angus DC. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016 Feb 23:315(8):801-10. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.0287. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 26903338]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[2]
Majno G. The ancient riddle of sigma eta psi iota sigma (sepsis). The Journal of infectious diseases. 1991 May:163(5):937-45
[PubMed PMID: 2019770]
[3]
Funk DJ, Parrillo JE, Kumar A. Sepsis and septic shock: a history. Critical care clinics. 2009 Jan:25(1):83-101, viii. doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2008.12.003. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 19268796]
[4]
Angus DC, van der Poll T. Severe sepsis and septic shock. The New England journal of medicine. 2013 Nov 21:369(21):2063. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1312359. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 24256390]
[5]
Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, Dellinger RP, Fein AM, Knaus WA, Schein RM, Sibbald WJ. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest. 1992 Jun:101(6):1644-55
[PubMed PMID: 1303622]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[6]
Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B, Peterson E, Tomlanovich M, Early Goal-Directed Therapy Collaborative Group. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. The New England journal of medicine. 2001 Nov 8:345(19):1368-77
[PubMed PMID: 11794169]
[7]
Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, Gerlach H, Calandra T, Cohen J, Gea-Banacloche J, Keh D, Marshall JC, Parker MM, Ramsay G, Zimmerman JL, Vincent JL, Levy MM, Surviving Sepsis Campaign Management Guidelines Committee. Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Critical care medicine. 2004 Mar:32(3):858-73
[PubMed PMID: 15090974]
[8]
Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, Kumar A, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Nunnally ME, Rochwerg B, Rubenfeld GD, Angus DC, Annane D, Beale RJ, Bellinghan GJ, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith C, De Backer DP, French CJ, Fujishima S, Gerlach H, Hidalgo JL, Hollenberg SM, Jones AE, Karnad DR, Kleinpell RM, Koh Y, Lisboa TC, Machado FR, Marini JJ, Marshall JC, Mazuski JE, McIntyre LA, McLean AS, Mehta S, Moreno RP, Myburgh J, Navalesi P, Nishida O, Osborn TM, Perner A, Plunkett CM, Ranieri M, Schorr CA, Seckel MA, Seymour CW, Shieh L, Shukri KA, Simpson SQ, Singer M, Thompson BT, Townsend SR, Van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Wiersinga WJ, Zimmerman JL, Dellinger RP. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016. Intensive care medicine. 2017 Mar:43(3):304-377. doi: 10.1007/s00134-017-4683-6. Epub 2017 Jan 18
[PubMed PMID: 28101605]
[9]
Spiegel R, Farkas JD, Rola P, Kenny JE, Olusanya S, Marik PE, Weingart SD. The 2018 Surviving Sepsis Campaign's Treatment Bundle: When Guidelines Outpace the Evidence Supporting Their Use. Annals of emergency medicine. 2019 Apr:73(4):356-358. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.06.046. Epub 2018 Sep 4
[PubMed PMID: 30193754]
[10]
Friedman G, Silva E, Vincent JL. Has the mortality of septic shock changed with time. Critical care medicine. 1998 Dec:26(12):2078-86
[PubMed PMID: 9875924]
[11]
Novosad SA, Sapiano MR, Grigg C, Lake J, Robyn M, Dumyati G, Felsen C, Blog D, Dufort E, Zansky S, Wiedeman K, Avery L, Dantes RB, Jernigan JA, Magill SS, Fiore A, Epstein L. Vital Signs: Epidemiology of Sepsis: Prevalence of Health Care Factors and Opportunities for Prevention. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2016 Aug 26:65(33):864-9. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6533e1. Epub 2016 Aug 26
[PubMed PMID: 27559759]
[12]
Dantes RB, Epstein L. Combatting Sepsis: A Public Health Perspective. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2018 Sep 28:67(8):1300-1302. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy342. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 29846544]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[13]
Rhee C, Dantes R, Epstein L, Murphy DJ, Seymour CW, Iwashyna TJ, Kadri SS, Angus DC, Danner RL, Fiore AE, Jernigan JA, Martin GS, Septimus E, Warren DK, Karcz A, Chan C, Menchaca JT, Wang R, Gruber S, Klompas M, CDC Prevention Epicenter Program. Incidence and Trends of Sepsis in US Hospitals Using Clinical vs Claims Data, 2009-2014. JAMA. 2017 Oct 3:318(13):1241-1249. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.13836. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 28903154]
[14]
Rivers EP, Katranji M, Jaehne KA, Brown S, Abou Dagher G, Cannon C, Coba V. Early interventions in severe sepsis and septic shock: a review of the evidence one decade later. Minerva anestesiologica. 2012 Jun:78(6):712-24
[PubMed PMID: 22447123]
[15]
Okorie ON, Dellinger P. Lactate: biomarker and potential therapeutic target. Critical care clinics. 2011 Apr:27(2):299-326. doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2010.12.013. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 21440203]
[16]
Nguyen HB, Rivers EP, Knoblich BP, Jacobsen G, Muzzin A, Ressler JA, Tomlanovich MC. Early lactate clearance is associated with improved outcome in severe sepsis and septic shock. Critical care medicine. 2004 Aug:32(8):1637-42
[PubMed PMID: 15286537]
[17]
Parmar A, Langenberg C, Wan L, May CN, Bellomo R, Bagshaw SM. Epidemiology of septic acute kidney injury. Current drug targets. 2009 Dec:10(12):1169-78
[PubMed PMID: 19715542]
[18]
Kosaka J, Lankadeva YR, May CN, Bellomo R. Histopathology of Septic Acute Kidney Injury: A Systematic Review of Experimental Data. Critical care medicine. 2016 Sep:44(9):e897-903. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001735. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 27058465]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[19]
Iskander KN, Osuchowski MF, Stearns-Kurosawa DJ, Kurosawa S, Stepien D, Valentine C, Remick DG. Sepsis: multiple abnormalities, heterogeneous responses, and evolving understanding. Physiological reviews. 2013 Jul:93(3):1247-88. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00037.2012. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 23899564]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[20]
Zahar JR, Timsit JF, Garrouste-Orgeas M, Français A, Vesin A, Descorps-Declere A, Dubois Y, Souweine B, Haouache H, Goldgran-Toledano D, Allaouchiche B, Azoulay E, Adrie C. Outcomes in severe sepsis and patients with septic shock: pathogen species and infection sites are not associated with mortality. Critical care medicine. 2011 Aug:39(8):1886-95. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31821b827c. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 21516036]
[21]
Serafim R, Gomes JA, Salluh J, Póvoa P. A Comparison of the Quick-SOFA and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Criteria for the Diagnosis of Sepsis and Prediction of Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Chest. 2018 Mar:153(3):646-655. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.12.015. Epub 2017 Dec 28
[PubMed PMID: 29289687]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[22]
Freund Y, Lemachatti N, Krastinova E, Van Laer M, Claessens YE, Avondo A, Occelli C, Feral-Pierssens AL, Truchot J, Ortega M, Carneiro B, Pernet J, Claret PG, Dami F, Bloom B, Riou B, Beaune S, French Society of Emergency Medicine Collaborators Group. Prognostic Accuracy of Sepsis-3 Criteria for In-Hospital Mortality Among Patients With Suspected Infection Presenting to the Emergency Department. JAMA. 2017 Jan 17:317(3):301-308. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.20329. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 28114554]
[23]
ProCESS Investigators, Yealy DM, Kellum JA, Huang DT, Barnato AE, Weissfeld LA, Pike F, Terndrup T, Wang HE, Hou PC, LoVecchio F, Filbin MR, Shapiro NI, Angus DC. A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. The New England journal of medicine. 2014 May 1:370(18):1683-93. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1401602. Epub 2014 Mar 18
[PubMed PMID: 24635773]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[24]
ARISE Investigators, ANZICS Clinical Trials Group, Peake SL, Delaney A, Bailey M, Bellomo R, Cameron PA, Cooper DJ, Higgins AM, Holdgate A, Howe BD, Webb SA, Williams P. Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock. The New England journal of medicine. 2014 Oct 16:371(16):1496-506. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1404380. Epub 2014 Oct 1
[PubMed PMID: 25272316]
[25]
Mouncey PR, Osborn TM, Power GS, Harrison DA, Sadique MZ, Grieve RD, Jahan R, Tan JC, Harvey SE, Bell D, Bion JF, Coats TJ, Singer M, Young JD, Rowan KM. Protocolised Management In Sepsis (ProMISe): a multicentre randomised controlled trial of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of early, goal-directed, protocolised resuscitation for emerging septic shock. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England). 2015 Nov:19(97):i-xxv, 1-150. doi: 10.3310/hta19970. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 26597979]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[26]
Sterling SA, Miller WR, Pryor J, Puskarich MA, Jones AE. The Impact of Timing of Antibiotics on Outcomes in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Critical care medicine. 2015 Sep:43(9):1907-15. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001142. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 26121073]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[27]
Seymour CW, Gesten F, Prescott HC, Friedrich ME, Iwashyna TJ, Phillips GS, Lemeshow S, Osborn T, Terry KM, Levy MM. Time to Treatment and Mortality during Mandated Emergency Care for Sepsis. The New England journal of medicine. 2017 Jun 8:376(23):2235-2244. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1703058. Epub 2017 May 21
[PubMed PMID: 28528569]
[28]
Riedel S, Bourbeau P, Swartz B, Brecher S, Carroll KC, Stamper PD, Dunne WM, McCardle T, Walk N, Fiebelkorn K, Sewell D, Richter SS, Beekmann S, Doern GV. Timing of specimen collection for blood cultures from febrile patients with bacteremia. Journal of clinical microbiology. 2008 Apr:46(4):1381-5. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02033-07. Epub 2008 Feb 27
[PubMed PMID: 18305133]
[29]
Finfer S, Myburgh J, Bellomo R. Intravenous fluid therapy in critically ill adults. Nature reviews. Nephrology. 2018 Sep:14(9):541-557. doi: 10.1038/s41581-018-0044-0. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 30072710]
[30]
Semler MW, Self WH, Rice TW. Balanced Crystalloids versus Saline in Critically Ill Adults. The New England journal of medicine. 2018 May 17:378(20):1951. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1804294. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 29768150]
[31]
Asfar P, Meziani F, Hamel JF, Grelon F, Megarbane B, Anguel N, Mira JP, Dequin PF, Gergaud S, Weiss N, Legay F, Le Tulzo Y, Conrad M, Robert R, Gonzalez F, Guitton C, Tamion F, Tonnelier JM, Guezennec P, Van Der Linden T, Vieillard-Baron A, Mariotte E, Pradel G, Lesieur O, Ricard JD, Hervé F, du Cheyron D, Guerin C, Mercat A, Teboul JL, Radermacher P, SEPSISPAM Investigators. High versus low blood-pressure target in patients with septic shock. The New England journal of medicine. 2014 Apr 24:370(17):1583-93. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1312173. Epub 2014 Mar 18
[PubMed PMID: 24635770]
[32]
Holst LB, Haase N, Wetterslev J, Wernerman J, Guttormsen AB, Karlsson S, Johansson PI, Aneman A, Vang ML, Winding R, Nebrich L, Nibro HL, Rasmussen BS, Lauridsen JR, Nielsen JS, Oldner A, Pettilä V, Cronhjort MB, Andersen LH, Pedersen UG, Reiter N, Wiis J, White JO, Russell L, Thornberg KJ, Hjortrup PB, Müller RG, Møller MH, Steensen M, Tjäder I, Kilsand K, Odeberg-Wernerman S, Sjøbø B, Bundgaard H, Thyø MA, Lodahl D, Mærkedahl R, Albeck C, Illum D, Kruse M, Winkel P, Perner A, TRISS Trial Group, Scandinavian Critical Care Trials Group. Lower versus higher hemoglobin threshold for transfusion in septic shock. The New England journal of medicine. 2014 Oct 9:371(15):1381-91. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1406617. Epub 2014 Oct 1
[PubMed PMID: 25270275]
[33]
Sprung CL, Annane D, Keh D, Moreno R, Singer M, Freivogel K, Weiss YG, Benbenishty J, Kalenka A, Forst H, Laterre PF, Reinhart K, Cuthbertson BH, Payen D, Briegel J, CORTICUS Study Group. Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock. The New England journal of medicine. 2008 Jan 10:358(2):111-24. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa071366. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 18184957]
[34]
Venkatesh B, Finfer S, Cohen J, Rajbhandari D, Arabi Y, Bellomo R, Billot L, Correa M, Glass P, Harward M, Joyce C, Li Q, McArthur C, Perner A, Rhodes A, Thompson K, Webb S, Myburgh J, ADRENAL Trial Investigators and the Australian–New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group. Adjunctive Glucocorticoid Therapy in Patients with Septic Shock. The New England journal of medicine. 2018 Mar 1:378(9):797-808. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1705835. Epub 2018 Jan 19
[PubMed PMID: 29347874]
[35]
Annane D, Renault A, Brun-Buisson C, Megarbane B, Quenot JP, Siami S, Cariou A, Forceville X, Schwebel C, Martin C, Timsit JF, Misset B, Ali Benali M, Colin G, Souweine B, Asehnoune K, Mercier E, Chimot L, Charpentier C, François B, Boulain T, Petitpas F, Constantin JM, Dhonneur G, Baudin F, Combes A, Bohé J, Loriferne JF, Amathieu R, Cook F, Slama M, Leroy O, Capellier G, Dargent A, Hissem T, Maxime V, Bellissant E, CRICS-TRIGGERSEP Network. Hydrocortisone plus Fludrocortisone for Adults with Septic Shock. The New England journal of medicine. 2018 Mar 1:378(9):809-818. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1705716. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 29490185]
[36]
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network, Brower RG, Matthay MA, Morris A, Schoenfeld D, Thompson BT, Wheeler A. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The New England journal of medicine. 2000 May 4:342(18):1301-8
[PubMed PMID: 10793162]
[37]
Marik PE, Khangoora V, Rivera R, Hooper MH, Catravas J. Hydrocortisone, Vitamin C, and Thiamine for the Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Retrospective Before-After Study. Chest. 2017 Jun:151(6):1229-1238. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.11.036. Epub 2016 Dec 6
[PubMed PMID: 27940189]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidence
[38]
Raith EP, Udy AA, Bailey M, McGloughlin S, MacIsaac C, Bellomo R, Pilcher DV, Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) Centre for Outcomes and Resource Evaluation (CORE). Prognostic Accuracy of the SOFA Score, SIRS Criteria, and qSOFA Score for In-Hospital Mortality Among Adults With Suspected Infection Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. JAMA. 2017 Jan 17:317(3):290-300. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.20328. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 28114553]
[39]
Lemay AC, Anzueto A, Restrepo MI, Mortensen EM. Predictors of long-term mortality after severe sepsis in the elderly. The American journal of the medical sciences. 2014 Apr:347(4):282-8. doi: 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e318295a147. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 23689053]
[40]
Winters BD, Eberlein M, Leung J, Needham DM, Pronovost PJ, Sevransky JE. Long-term mortality and quality of life in sepsis: a systematic review. Critical care medicine. 2010 May:38(5):1276-83. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181d8cc1d. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 20308885]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidence
[41]
Kennelly PJ, Martin-Loeches I. Long term mortality following sepsis. Annals of translational medicine. 2016 Oct:4(19):387
[PubMed PMID: 27827464]
[42]
Frenk J, Chen L, Bhutta ZA, Cohen J, Crisp N, Evans T, Fineberg H, Garcia P, Ke Y, Kelley P, Kistnasamy B, Meleis A, Naylor D, Pablos-Mendez A, Reddy S, Scrimshaw S, Sepulveda J, Serwadda D, Zurayk H. Health professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. Lancet (London, England). 2010 Dec 4:376(9756):1923-58. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61854-5. Epub 2010 Nov 26
[PubMed PMID: 21112623]
[43]
Tedesco ER, Whiteman K, Heuston M, Swanson-Biearman B, Stephens K. Interprofessional Collaboration to Improve Sepsis Care and Survival Within a Tertiary Care Emergency Department. Journal of emergency nursing. 2017 Nov:43(6):532-538. doi: 10.1016/j.jen.2017.04.014. Epub 2017 May 25
[PubMed PMID: 28550958]
[44]
Owen JA, Brashers VL, Littlewood KE, Wright E, Childress RM, Thomas S. Designing and evaluating an effective theory-based continuing interprofessional education program to improve sepsis care by enhancing healthcare team collaboration. Journal of interprofessional care. 2014 May:28(3):212-7. doi: 10.3109/13561820.2014.890581. Epub 2014 Mar 4
[PubMed PMID: 24593326]
[45]
Chung HO, Medina D, Fox-Robichaud A. Interprofessional sepsis education module: a pilot study. CJEM. 2016 Mar:18(2):143-5. doi: 10.1017/cem.2015.42. Epub 2015 Jun 11
[PubMed PMID: 26063312]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence