[1]
deSouza IS, Martindale JL, Sinert R. Antidysrhythmic drug therapy for the termination of stable, monomorphic ventricular tachycardia: a systematic review. Emergency medicine journal : EMJ. 2015 Feb:32(2):161-7. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2013-202973. Epub 2013 Sep 16
[PubMed PMID: 24042252]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[2]
Zimetbaum PJ, Josephson ME. Amiodarone versus sotalol for atrial fibrillation. The New England journal of medicine. 2005 Aug 11:353(6):627-30; author reply 627-30
[PubMed PMID: 16094764]
[3]
Feuerborn ML, Dechand J, Vadlamudi RS, Torre M, Freedman RA, Groh C, Navaravong L, Ranjan R, Varela D, Bunch TJ, Steinberg BA. Protocol Development and Initial Experience With Intravenous Sotalol Loading for Atrial Arrhythmias. Critical pathways in cardiology. 2023 Mar 1:22(1):1-4. doi: 10.1097/HPC.0000000000000308. Epub 2022 Dec 23
[PubMed PMID: 36812336]
[4]
Anderson JL, Askins JC, Gilbert EM, Miller RH, Keefe DL, Somberg JC, Freedman RA, Haft LR, Mason JW, Lessem JN. Multicenter trial of sotalol for suppression of frequent, complex ventricular arrhythmias: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled evaluation of two doses. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1986 Oct:8(4):752-62
[PubMed PMID: 2428852]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[5]
McNamara RL, Tamariz LJ, Segal JB, Bass EB. Management of atrial fibrillation: review of the evidence for the role of pharmacologic therapy, electrical cardioversion, and echocardiography. Annals of internal medicine. 2003 Dec 16:139(12):1018-33
[PubMed PMID: 14678922]
[6]
Gomes JA, Ip J, Santoni-Rugiu F, Mehta D, Ergin A, Lansman S, Pe E, Newhouse TT, Chao S. Oral d,l sotalol reduces the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation in coronary artery bypass surgery patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1999 Aug:34(2):334-9
[PubMed PMID: 10440141]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[7]
Shah A, Moon-Grady A, Bhogal N, Collins KK, Tacy T, Brook M, Hornberger LK. Effectiveness of sotalol as first-line therapy for fetal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. The American journal of cardiology. 2012 Jun 1:109(11):1614-8. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.01.388. Epub 2012 Mar 22
[PubMed PMID: 22444730]
[8]
Somberg J, Molnar J. Sotalol versus Amiodarone in Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation. Journal of atrial fibrillation. 2016 Feb-Mar:8(5):1359. doi: 10.4022/jafib.1359. Epub 2016 Feb 29
[PubMed PMID: 27909477]
[9]
Singh BN, Singh SN, Reda DJ, Tang XC, Lopez B, Harris CL, Fletcher RD, Sharma SC, Atwood JE, Jacobson AK, Lewis HD Jr, Raisch DW, Ezekowitz MD, Sotalol Amiodarone Atrial Fibrillation Efficacy Trial (SAFE-T) Investigators. Amiodarone versus sotalol for atrial fibrillation. The New England journal of medicine. 2005 May 5:352(18):1861-72
[PubMed PMID: 15872201]
[10]
Towbin JA, McKenna WJ, Abrams DJ, Ackerman MJ, Calkins H, Darrieux FCC, Daubert JP, de Chillou C, DePasquale EC, Desai MY, Estes NAM 3rd, Hua W, Indik JH, Ingles J, James CA, John RM, Judge DP, Keegan R, Krahn AD, Link MS, Marcus FI, McLeod CJ, Mestroni L, Priori SG, Saffitz JE, Sanatani S, Shimizu W, van Tintelen JP, Wilde AAM, Zareba W. 2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Heart rhythm. 2019 Nov:16(11):e301-e372. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.007. Epub 2019 May 9
[PubMed PMID: 31078652]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[11]
Lakkireddy D, Ahmed A, Atkins D, Bawa D, Garg J, Bush J, Charate R, Bommana S, Pothineni NVK, Kabra R, Darden D, Koreber S, Tummala R, Vasamreddy C, Park P, Mohanty S, Gopinathannair R, Seo BW, Natale A, Kennedy R. Feasibility and Safety of Intravenous Sotalol Loading in Adult Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DASH-AF). JACC. Clinical electrophysiology. 2023 Apr:9(4):555-564. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2022.11.026. Epub 2023 Feb 22
[PubMed PMID: 37014289]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidence
[12]
Batul SA, Gopinathannair R. Intravenous Sotalol - Reintroducing a Forgotten Agent to the Electrophysiology Therapeutic Arsenal. Journal of atrial fibrillation. 2017 Feb-Mar:9(5):1499. doi: 10.4022/jafib.1499. Epub 2017 Feb 28
[PubMed PMID: 29250266]
[13]
DeMarco KR, Yang PC, Singh V, Furutani K, Dawson JRD, Jeng MT, Fettinger JC, Bekker S, Ngo VA, Noskov SY, Yarov-Yarovoy V, Sack JT, Wulff H, Clancy CE, Vorobyov I. Molecular determinants of pro-arrhythmia proclivity of d- and l-sotalol via a multi-scale modeling pipeline. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology. 2021 Sep:158():163-177. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.05.015. Epub 2021 May 29
[PubMed PMID: 34062207]
[14]
Lei M, Wu L, Terrar DA, Huang CL. Modernized Classification of Cardiac Antiarrhythmic Drugs. Circulation. 2018 Oct 23:138(17):1879-1896. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035455. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 30354657]
[15]
Varela DL, Burnham TS, T May H, L Bair T, Steinberg BA, B Muhlestein J, L Anderson J, U Knowlton K, Jared Bunch T. Economics and outcomes of sotalol in-patient dosing approaches in patients with atrial fibrillation. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology. 2022 Mar:33(3):333-342. doi: 10.1111/jce.15342. Epub 2022 Jan 5
[PubMed PMID: 34953091]
[17]
Hanyok JJ. Clinical pharmacokinetics of sotalol. The American journal of cardiology. 1993 Aug 12:72(4):19A-26A
[PubMed PMID: 8346722]
[18]
Samanta R, Thiagalingam A, Turner C, Lakkireddy DJ, Kovoor P. The Use of Intravenous Sotalol in Cardiac Arrhythmias. Heart, lung & circulation. 2018 Nov:27(11):1318-1326. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2018.03.017. Epub 2018 Mar 29
[PubMed PMID: 29853342]
[19]
Kopelman HA, Woosley RL, Lee JT, Roden DM, Echt DS. Electrophysiologic effects of intravenous and oral sotalol for sustained ventricular tachycardia secondary to coronary artery disease. The American journal of cardiology. 1988 May 1:61(13):1006-11
[PubMed PMID: 3284316]
[20]
January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, Calkins H, Cigarroa JE, Cleveland JC Jr, Conti JB, Ellinor PT, Ezekowitz MD, Field ME, Murray KT, Sacco RL, Stevenson WG, Tchou PJ, Tracy CM, Yancy CW, ACC/AHA Task Force Members. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2014 Dec 2:130(23):e199-267. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000041. Epub 2014 Mar 28
[PubMed PMID: 24682347]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[21]
Anderson JL, Prystowsky EN. Sotalol: An important new antiarrhythmic. American heart journal. 1999 Mar:137(3):388-409
[PubMed PMID: 10047618]
[22]
Finks SW, Rogers KC, Manguso AH. Assessment of sotalol prescribing in a community hospital: opportunities for clinical pharmacist involvement. The International journal of pharmacy practice. 2011 Aug:19(4):281-6. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7174.2011.00094.x. Epub 2011 Mar 15
[PubMed PMID: 21733016]
[23]
O'Hare MF, Murnaghan GA, Russell CJ, Leahey WJ, Varma MP, McDevitt DG. Sotalol as a hypotensive agent in pregnancy. British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 1980 Sep:87(9):814-20
[PubMed PMID: 7426541]
[25]
Malloy-Walton LE, Von Bergen NH, Balaji S, Fischbach PS, Garnreiter JM, Asaki SY, Moak JP, Ochoa LA, Chang PM, Nguyen HH, Patel AR, Kirk C, Sherman AK, Avari Silva JN, Saul JP. IV Sotalol Use in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Patients: A Multicenter Registry Study. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2022 May 3:11(9):e024375. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.024375. Epub 2022 May 2
[PubMed PMID: 35491986]
[26]
Ayan M, Pothineni NV, Siraj A, Mehta JL. Cardiac drug therapy-considerations in the elderly. Journal of geriatric cardiology : JGC. 2016 Dec:13(12):992-997. doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.12.008. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 28321243]
[27]
Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2022 May 3:79(17):e263-e421. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.12.012. Epub 2022 Apr 1
[PubMed PMID: 35379503]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[28]
Lu HT, Kam J, Nordin RB, Khelae SK, Wang JM, Choy CN, Lee CY. Beta-blocker use and risk of symptomatic bradyarrhythmias: a hospital-based case-control study. Journal of geriatric cardiology : JGC. 2016 Sep:13(9):749-759
[PubMed PMID: 27899939]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidence
[29]
Handler J. Adverse effects using combined rate-slowing antihypertensive agents. Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.). 2011 Jul:13(7):529-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2011.00486.x. Epub 2011 Jun 20
[PubMed PMID: 21762367]
[30]
Lobay D. Rauwolfia in the Treatment of Hypertension. Integrative medicine (Encinitas, Calif.). 2015 Jun:14(3):40-6
[PubMed PMID: 26770146]
[31]
Mar PL, Horbal P, Chung MK, Dukes JW, Ezekowitz M, Lakkireddy D, Lip GYH, Miletello M, Noseworthy PA, Reiffel JA, Tisdale JE, Olshansky B, Gopinathannair R, from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee of the Council of Clinical Cardiology. Drug Interactions Affecting Antiarrhythmic Drug Use. Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology. 2022 May:15(5):e007955. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.121.007955. Epub 2022 May 2
[PubMed PMID: 35491871]
[32]
Joyce CM, Melvin A, O'Shea PM, Costelloe SJ, O'Halloran DJ. Case report of a phantom pheochromocytoma. Biochemia medica. 2020 Jun 15:30(2):021003. doi: 10.11613/BM.2020.021003. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 32550819]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[33]
Zimetbaum P. Antiarrhythmic drug therapy for atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2012 Jan 17:125(2):381-9. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.019927. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 22249528]
[34]
Tatu AL, Elisei AM, Chioncel V, Miulescu M, Nwabudike LC. Immunologic adverse reactions of β-blockers and the skin. Experimental and therapeutic medicine. 2019 Aug:18(2):955-959. doi: 10.3892/etm.2019.7504. Epub 2019 Apr 18
[PubMed PMID: 31384329]
[35]
Biswas M, Levy A, Weber R, Tarakji K, Chung M, Noseworthy PA, Newton-Cheh C, Rosenberg MA. Multicenter Analysis of Dosing Protocols for Sotalol Initiation. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology and therapeutics. 2020 May:25(3):212-218. doi: 10.1177/1074248419887710. Epub 2019 Nov 10
[PubMed PMID: 31707834]
[36]
Mascarenhas DAN, Mudumbi PC, Kantharia BK. Outpatient Initiation of Sotalol in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: Utility of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices for Therapy Monitoring. American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions. 2021 Nov:21(6):693-700. doi: 10.1007/s40256-021-00493-7. Epub 2021 Jul 22
[PubMed PMID: 34291437]
[37]
Campleman SL, Brent J, Pizon AF, Shulman J, Wax P, Manini AF, Toxicology Investigators’ Consortium (ToxIC). Drug-specific risk of severe QT prolongation following acute drug overdose. Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2020 Dec:58(12):1326-1334. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1746330. Epub 2020 Apr 7
[PubMed PMID: 32252558]
[38]
Wax PM, Erdman AR, Chyka PA, Keyes DC, Caravati EM, Booze L, Christianson G, Woolf A, Olson KR, Manoguerra AS, Scharman EJ, Troutman WG. beta-blocker ingestion: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2005:43(3):131-46
[PubMed PMID: 15906457]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[39]
Gummin DD, Mowry JB, Beuhler MC, Spyker DA, Brooks DE, Dibert KW, Rivers LJ, Pham NPT, Ryan ML. 2019 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 37th Annual Report. Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2020 Dec:58(12):1360-1541. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1834219. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 33305966]
[40]
Bouchard J, Shepherd G, Hoffman RS, Gosselin S, Roberts DM, Li Y, Nolin TD, Lavergne V, Ghannoum M, EXTRIP workgroup. Extracorporeal treatment for poisoning to beta-adrenergic antagonists: systematic review and recommendations from the EXTRIP workgroup. Critical care (London, England). 2021 Jun 10:25(1):201. doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03585-7. Epub 2021 Jun 10
[PubMed PMID: 34112223]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence