Back To Search Results

Congenital Smooth Muscle Hamartoma

Editor: Noureddine Litaiem Updated: 6/26/2023 9:06:36 PM

Introduction

Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma is a benign proliferation of mature smooth muscle that was first described by Sourreil in 1969. It can arise from the arrector pili muscle attached to hair follicles, the dartos muscle in the scrotum, the vascular smooth muscle, the muscularis mammillae of the areolae. It predominately occurs in the lumbosacral area. It is a sporadic condition that usually presents as a solitary lesion. There is no risk of malignant transformation of the congenital smooth cell hamartoma; therefore, no treatment is necessary in most cases.[1]

Etiology

Register For Free And Read The Full Article
Get the answers you need instantly with the StatPearls Clinical Decision Support tool. StatPearls spent the last decade developing the largest and most updated Point-of Care resource ever developed. Earn CME/CE by searching and reading articles.
  • Dropdown arrow Search engine and full access to all medical articles
  • Dropdown arrow 10 free questions in your specialty
  • Dropdown arrow Free CME/CE Activities
  • Dropdown arrow Free daily question in your email
  • Dropdown arrow Save favorite articles to your dashboard
  • Dropdown arrow Emails offering discounts

Learn more about a Subscription to StatPearls Point-of-Care

Etiology

Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma probably results from an aberrant development, mainly of the arrector pili muscle, during the mesodermal maturation. Hypertrichosis is suggested to be after the stimulation of the epithelial cells of the bulge by the CD34 positive dermal dendritic cells situated in the hamartoma.[2]

Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma is a sporadic condition. Recently, familial cases have been reported suggesting a possible genetic predisposition.[3]

Diffuse forms of congenital smooth cell hamartoma are extremely rare and result in folding of the skin. It is reported to be a manifestation of the Michelin tire baby syndrome and could be associated with systemic involvement.[4]

Epidemiology

Estimates of the prevalence of congenital smooth cell hamartoma are 1 in 2600 live births. The literature describes a slight male predominance.[5]

Histopathology

The histopathological examination of congenital smooth muscle hamartoma shows disseminated proliferation of mature smooth muscle cells of a central cigar-shaped nucleus and fibrillary and eosinophilic cytoplasm. These cells form large and well-defined bundles randomly oriented, with characteristic clear space separating each bundle from surrounding collagen fibers. The proliferation is typically in the reticular dermis, but it may reach the hair follicles and the subcutaneous tissue. Masson's trichrome staining reveals red irregularly-oriented bundles. Immunohistochemistry using smooth muscle actin stain provides conclusive clues of the smooth muscle nature of this cell proliferation. Epidermal histological features include basal layer pigmentation, mild acanthosis, and hyperkeratosis.[6] Additionally, a proliferation of CD34+ dendritic cells presents among the components of the congenital smooth muscle, including smooth muscle cells, nerve fascicles, and hair follicles.[2]

History and Physical

Although congenital smooth muscle hamartoma is present at birth, the diagnosis may get delayed and only made in early infancy. It is mostly asymptomatic. In some patients, history may include itching, pain, or numbness. Besides the lumbosacral area, the congenital smooth cell hamartoma can also occur on the trunk and proximal extremities. Many other atypical locations were reported, such as the scalp, the eyelids, the nipple, the scrotum, and on the foot. Variable in size, it can reach up to 10 centimeters.[7][8][9]

There are three clinical aspects of congenital smooth muscle hamartoma described: classic, papulo-follicular, and mixed.

The classic form presents as a well-limited skin-colored or pigmented plaque covered with prominent overlying hypertrichosis. The papulo-follicular form is less common. It presents as large patches with multiple perifollicular skin-colored papules. These papules may coalesce to form irregularly-shaped plaques. Unusual clinical presentations were reported, such as linear atrophic plaques, micro-papular plaques [1]. It can also appear as an erythematous macula with geographic contours and slight depression of the underlying subcutaneous tissue[10]]. Over time, the congenital smooth muscle hamartoma grows up in size, proportional to the child's growth. Hyperpigmentation and hypertrichosis contrarily tend to diminish. Congenital smooth cell hamartoma usually presents as a solitary lesion. There are rare reports of multiple lesions.[3]

The characteristic clinical hallmark of congenital smooth muscle hamartoma is the positive pseudo-Darier sign (rubbing of the skin results in transient piloerection associated with erythema and induration of the skin). It requires differentiation from authentic Darier sign characteristic of cutaneous mastocytosis. However, the pseudo-Darier sign only presents in 50% of congenital smooth muscle hamartomas. Occasionally, vermiform movements at the surface of the lesion occur after the rubbing of the skin. Both signs result from the contraction of the smooth muscle cells of the hamartoma.[11]

Evaluation

No evaluation is necessary for the diagnosis of the congenital smooth muscle hamartoma.

Dermoscopy is a non-invasive tool that has been used by some authors to assess the hair density of the congenital smooth cell hamartoma. Reports exist that hair density is proportional to the number of smooth muscle bundles of the hamartoma.[12]

Treatment / Management

The congenital smooth cell hamartoma does not display any malignant transformation risk. Therefore, no treatment is necessary. However, some measurements may serve for cosmetic reasons.[1](B3)

Surgical excision is a possible first-line treatment, performed in different locations such as the scrotum with excellent results. In certain areas such as the face or large hamartomas, reconstruction is challenging and complicated. Therefore, other therapeutic options merit consideration.[5](B3)

Laser therapy may also be a consideration. Hair removal laser can be indicated to treat hypertrichosis. In congenital smooth muscle hamartomas that present as an erythematous plaque, pulsed dye laser showed interesting results in decreasing redness. This superficial laser acts by destroying blood vessels and does not have direct effects in the hamartoma.[10](B3)

Differential Diagnosis

The diagnosis of congenital smooth cell hamartoma is clinical. However, histopathological examination is sometimes required to exclude resembling entities.

Becker hamartoma displays overlapping clinical and histological features with congenital smooth muscle hamartoma. It is an acquired lesion usually diagnosed at puberty. It presents as a well-defined infiltrative and a pigmented plaque with hypertrichosis, Histopathology shows the same epidermal features. Occasionally, a proliferation of dermal smooth muscles may present. Unlike congenital smooth cell hamartoma, pigmentation and hypertrichosis of Becker hamartoma tend to increase over time. Considering these similarities, there are suggestions that these two entities belong to the same continuous spectrum.[5]

Other differential diagnoses of congenital muscle cell hamartoma include Congenital melanocytic nevus, piloleiomyoma, café-au-lait spots, and nevus pilosus.[13] In these cases, histopathological examination is of significant help and brings diagnosis certainty. Distinguishing congenital smooth cell hamartoma from congenital melanocytic nevus is crucial because of the risk of malignant transformation of the latter.[6]

Histologically, piloleiomyoma closely resembles congenital smooth muscle hamartoma. When smooth muscle bundles are badly-defined and intermingle with collagen fibers, the diagnosis of piloleiomyoma should be a consideration.

Finally, it is sometimes hard to differentiate an acquired smooth muscle hamartoma from a congenital one that was underdiagnosed at birth. Few clinical features should favor the acquired etiology. They mainly include discrete hyperpigmentation, decreased density of villous hair, and a negative pseudo-Darier sign.[14]

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

There are no specific clinical criteria for congenital smooth muscle hamartoma. The diagnosis merits consideration in cases of any hairy plaque on the skin. It may resemble other skin conditions, especially Becker’s hamartoma. Because the condition presents at birth, nurses, pediatricians, and obstetricians should be familiar with the disorder. These healthcare professionals should be able to differentiate a congenital smooth muscle hamartoma from a congenital melanocytic nevus since it displays potential malignancy and requires different medical management.

References


[1]

Grau-Massanes M, Raimer S, Colome-Grimmer M, Yen A, Sanchez RL. Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma presenting as a linear atrophic plaque: case report and review of the literature. Pediatric dermatology. 1996 May-Jun:13(3):222-5     [PubMed PMID: 8806123]

Level 3 (low-level) evidence

[2]

Koizumi H, Kodama K, Tsuji Y, Matsumura T, Nabeshima M, Ohkawara A. CD34-positive dendritic cells are an intrinsic part of smooth muscle hamartoma. The British journal of dermatology. 1999 Jan:140(1):172-4     [PubMed PMID: 10215795]

Level 3 (low-level) evidence

[3]

García-Gavín J, Pérez-Pérez L, Allegue F, Pérez-Pedrosa A, Ortíz-Rey JA, Zulaica A. Multiple congenital familial smooth muscle hamartoma in two siblings. Dermatology online journal. 2012 May 15:18(5):7     [PubMed PMID: 22630577]

Level 3 (low-level) evidence

[4]

Janicke EC,Nazareth MR,Rothman IL, Generalized smooth muscle hamartoma with multiple congenital anomalies without the     [PubMed PMID: 24383769]

Level 3 (low-level) evidence

[5]

Günlemez A, Bayramgürler D, Erçin MC, Aktürk A, Arisoy AE. Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma on the scalp. International journal of dermatology. 2009 Jun:48(6):633-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.03977.x. Epub     [PubMed PMID: 19538376]

Level 3 (low-level) evidence

[6]

Schmidt CS, Bentz ML. Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma: the importance of differentiation from melanocytic nevi. The Journal of craniofacial surgery. 2005 Sep:16(5):926-9     [PubMed PMID: 16192884]

Level 3 (low-level) evidence

[7]

Nuñez D, Villaseca MA, Schafer F. Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma at unusual location. Indian journal of dermatology. 2014 Jul:59(4):409-10. doi: 10.4103/0019-5154.135505. Epub     [PubMed PMID: 25071268]


[8]

Szychta P, Dixon M, Raine C. Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma of the nipple: a case report. Analytical and quantitative cytopathology and histopathology. 2012 Oct:34(5):285-8     [PubMed PMID: 23301388]

Level 3 (low-level) evidence

[9]

Mora LE, Rodríguez-Reyes AA, Vera AM, Rubio RI, Mayorquín-Ruiz M, Salcedo G. Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma of the palpebral conjunctiva. Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery. 2012 Jul-Aug:28(4):e102-4. doi: 10.1097/IOP.0b013e31823bd1c2. Epub     [PubMed PMID: 22391739]

Level 3 (low-level) evidence

[10]

Grillo E, Boixeda P, Ballester A, Vano-Galvan S, Gonzalez C, Jaén P. Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma on the face treated using vascular laser. Pediatric dermatology. 2013 Nov-Dec:30(6):e250-1. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2012.01824.x. Epub 2012 Sep 3     [PubMed PMID: 22938621]

Level 3 (low-level) evidence

[11]

Bilgiç Ö, Tunçez Akyürek F, Altınyazar HC. Pseudo Darier Sign: A Distinctive Finding for Congenital Smooth Muscle Hamartoma. The Journal of pediatrics. 2016 Feb:169():318. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.10.084. Epub 2015 Nov 25     [PubMed PMID: 26621046]


[12]

Son JH, Jin H, You HS, Shim WH, Kim JM, Kim GW, Kim HS, Kim BS, Kim MB, Ko HC. Congenital Linear Smooth Muscle Hamartoma with Hypertrichosis: Hair Density on Dermoscopy in Parallel with the Number of Smooth Muscle Bundles. Annals of dermatology. 2018 Feb:30(1):114-116. doi: 10.5021/ad.2018.30.1.114. Epub 2017 Dec 26     [PubMed PMID: 29386851]


[13]

Suárez Castañón C, Martínez Blanco J, Corrales Canel B, Morán Poladura M, Melgar Pérez J. [Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma: the importance of a correct differential diagnosis]. Anales de pediatria (Barcelona, Spain : 2003). 2012 Dec:77(6):425-7. doi: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2012.04.014. Epub 2012 Jun 12     [PubMed PMID: 22695492]

Level 3 (low-level) evidence

[14]

García Muret MP, Puig L, Pujol RM, Matías-Guiu X, Alomar A. [Non-congenital smooth muscle hamartoma: 3 cases]. Annales de dermatologie et de venereologie. 2002 Apr:129(4 Pt 1):417-20     [PubMed PMID: 12055542]

Level 3 (low-level) evidence