Become a Contributor 
Stay up to date on the latest medical knowledge with this Nephrology activity. In this online self-assessment activity, you'll read our reference articles and test your knowledge with 378 activities in Nephrology for 347.75 total CME hours.
Acute pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection causing inflammation of the kidneys. Pyelonephritis occurs as a complicati ...
Read the Article No Registration Required
Rating: -.-
Hours: 1.25
The primary role of fluid resuscitation is to maintain organ perfusion (hemodynamics) and substrate (oxygen, electrolyte ...
Read the Article No Registration Required
Rating: -.-
Hours: 0.75
This activity reviews the process of obtaining kidney tissue samples for analysis of both focal renal lesions and diffus ...
Read the Article No Registration Required
Rating: -.-
Hours: 1
Analgesic nephropathy is chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis caused by chronic use of analgesics such as acetaminophen, ...
Read the Article No Registration Required
Rating: -.-
Hours: 0.75
A hypertensive emergency is an acute, marked elevation in blood pressure that is associated with signs of target-organ d ...
Read the Article No Registration Required
Rating: -.-
Hours: 1
Goodpasture syndrome, also referred to as anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease, is an autoimmune disease ...
Read the Article No Registration Required
Rating: -.-
Hours: 1.25
| Title | Description | Hours | Questions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 Alpha Reductase Inhibitors | The 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (finasteride and dutasteride) are a class of medication used in the management and treatment of benign prostatic hype ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Abdominal Compartment Syndrome | Abdominal compartment syndrome occurs when the pressure in the abdominal cavity elevates beyond 20 mmHg. It is associated with multiorgan dysfunction. ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| ACE Inhibitors | ACE inhibitors are a medication class used in the treatment and management of hypertension, which is a significant risk factor for coronary disease he ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 14 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Acitretin | Acitretin belongs to a group of drugs known as retinoids. Retinoids include natural and synthetic compounds that have similar activity to vitamin A. V ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Acute Cystitis | Urinary tract infections are the most common bacterial infection in women, and result in roughly eight million emergency department or clinic visits a ... Read the Article | 1 | 10 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Acute Kidney Injury | Acute kidney injury, previously known as acute renal failure, denotes a sudden and often reversible reduction in the kidney function, as measured by ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 20 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Acute Pyelonephritis | Acute pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection causing inflammation of the kidneys. Pyelonephritis occurs as a complication of an ascending urinary tra ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 15 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Acute Renal Colic | Acute renal colic is severe pain resulting from the presence of a stone in the urinary system. The stone can be present anywhere along the path betwee ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Acute Renal Tubular Necrosis | The most common intrinsic cause of acute kidney injury is acute tubular necrosis. Acute tubular necrosis is most common in hospitalized patients and c ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Acute Transplantation Rejection | Acute transplant rejection occurs days to months after a transplant when the immune system identifies a grafted organ as foreign and attacks it. Acute ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Adrenal Cortical Nodular Hyperplasia | A number of heterogeneous disorders can result in adrenal cortical nodular hyperplasia. Cortical hyperplasia is a benign enlargement of the gland. Nor ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Adrenal Metastasis | Adrenal metastases are the most common malignant lesions involving the adrenal gland and the second most common tumor of the adrenal gland after benig ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Adrenal Myelolipoma | Adrenal myelolipomas are benign adrenal neoplasm predominantly composed of mature adipose tissue and intermixed myeloid tissue. They comprise 6-16% of ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Adrenalectomy | Adrenalectomy is performed to adrenal tumors that secret excess hormone and for those that are concerning for malignancy. There are many approached to ... Read the Article | 1 | 9 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Adult Dehydration | Dehydration is a common condition that affects patients of all ages. Dehydration may complicate other medical problems and may cause significant illne ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 13 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Albumin Colloid | Albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood and accounts for about 50 percent of all plasma proteins. It gets synthesized by the liver and secre ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Alcoholic Ketoacidosis | Alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA) is a condition seen commonly in patients with alcohol use disorder or after a bout of heavy drinking. It is a clinical di ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Aliskiren | Aliskiren is a direct renin inhibitor medication that is FDA approved to treat hypertension in adults and children six years and older. It may be used ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Allergic Interstitial Nephritis | Allergic interstitial nephritis (AIN) is the most common form of acute interstitial nephritis. It is most often caused by exposure to a drug. AIN is o ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Allopurinol | Allopurinol is a urate-lowering medication that is FDA approved for the management of gout, prevention of tumor lysis syndrome, and prevention of recu ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 14 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Alport Syndrome | Alport syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by kidney disease, loss of hearing, and eye abnormalities. It takes place due to an abnormality o ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Amiloride | Amiloride is a medication used in the management and treatment of hypertension and heart failure. It is in the diuretic class of drugs. This activity ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Amlodipine | Amlodipine is an oral dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. Compared to nifedipine and other medications in the dihydropyridine class, amlodipine h ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Amoxicillin Clavulanate | Amoxicillin-clavulanate is a mainstay antibiotic in emergency departments and primary care offices throughout the country. It is a combination of two ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Amyloidosis | Amyloidosis is a heterogeneous acquired or hereditary disease that results from the abnormal deposition of beta-sheet fibrillar protein aggregates in ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Analgesic Nephropathy | Analgesic nephropathy is chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis caused by chronic use of analgesics such as acetaminophen, aspirin, and NSAIDs as the pr ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Anaphylaxis | Anaphylaxis is an acute, life-threatening hypersensitivity disorder, defined as a generalized, rapidly-evolving, multi-systemic allergic reaction. Ana ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 23 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| ANCA Positive Vasculitis | Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitides are a heterogeneous group of rare autoimmune conditions that causes an inflammati ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Anemia Of Chronic Renal Disease | Anemia of chronic renal disease, also known as anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD), is a form of normocytic, normochromic, hypoproliferative anemia ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Angioedema | Angioedema is non-pitting edema that involves subcutaneous and/or submucosal layers of tissue that affects the face, lips, neck, and extremities, oral ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Angiography | Angiography is performed to image the anatomical and structural details of the vascular system, including the cardiac chambers. Initially used for str ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEI) | ACE inhibitors are medications used in the treatment and management of hypertension, which is a significant risk factor for coronary disease heart fai ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 24 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Angiotensin II | Angiotensin is a peptide endocrine hormone and an important part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, an inter-related endocrine system import ... Read the Article | 1 | 9 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB) | Pharmaceutical RAAS blockade has is a common and successful strategy in the treatment of several diseases, including hypertension, congestive heart fa ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Anifrolumab | Anifrolumab is a novel investigational agent used in the management and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It is a fully humanized IgG1k ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Anticoagulation Safety | One class of drugs that has been implicated in serious adverse drugs reactions for many decades are the oral anticoagulants, especially warfarin. Ther ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Antiphospholipid Syndrome | Antiphospholipid antibodies are autoantibodies that are directed against phospholipid-binding proteins. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APLS) is characteri ... Read the Article | 1 | 9 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Aromatic Toxicity | Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Toluene and benzene can be found in products such as gasoline, nail polis ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Arteriovenous Fistula | Arteriovenous fistulas are abnormal connections between arteries and veins. AVFs can be surgically created, can occur as a result of a congenital or g ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Asymptomatic Bacteriuria | Asymptomatic bacteriuria is the presence of bacteria in the properly collected urine of a patient that has no signs or symptoms of a urinary tract inf ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Atheroembolic Kidney Disease | Atheroembolic renal disease is caused by occlusion of small arteries in the kidneys by cholesterol crystal emboli from ulcerated atherosclerotic plaqu ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Autonomic Dysfunction | The autonomic nervous system (ANS) includes all regions implicated in the control of autonomic, unconscious, and involuntary functions in total body h ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Azathioprine | Azathioprine (AZA) is a medication used in the management and treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the prevention of kidney transplant r ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Azilsartan | Azilsartan is a medication used in the management and treatment of hypertension. It is in the angiotensin-receptor blocking (ARB) class of drugs. This ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Azotemia | Azotemia is a biochemical abnormality, defined as elevation, or buildup of, nitrogenous products (BUN-usually ranging 7 to 21 mg/dL), creatinine in th ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Bacillus Calmette Guerin | Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the live attenuated vaccine form of Mycobacterium bovis used to prevent tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infecti ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Bacterial Endocarditis | Bacterial endocarditis refers to infection of the endocardial surface of the heart. It usually involves heart valves, but it can occur on the endocard ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Bacterial Sepsis | Bacterial sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to an infection injures its tissues and organs. Sepsis is caused ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Bacteruria | Bacteruria is the presence of bacteria in the urine and can be classified as symptomatic or asymptomatic. A patient with asymptomatic bacteruria is de ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Bartter Syndrome | Bartter syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder of salt reabsorption resulting in extracellular fluid volume depletion with low/normal blood press ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia | Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition encountered in aging men and a common cause of lower urinary tract symptoms. Histological pre ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Berger Disease | Berger disease is a common cause of primary glomerulonephritis and it involves the deposition of IgA in the glomerular mesangium. It is a cause of pro ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Bethanechol | Bethanechol is FDA approved for the treatment of postoperative urinary retention, postpartum urinary retention, and overflow incontinence caused by ne ... Read the Article | 1 | 9 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Birt Hogg Dube Syndrome | Birt Hogg Dube syndrome is an autosomal dominant genodermatosis, usually manifesting in the third decade of life with multiple fibrofolliculomas, tric ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Bivalirudin | Bivalirudin is a medication used in the management and treatment of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarc ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Bladder Cancer | Bladder cancer is any neoplasm that arises from the urinary bladder. It is the most common urinary tract neoplasm with urothelial carcinoma (UC) being ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Bladder Sphincter Dyssynergia | Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia is a common cause of lower urinary tract symptoms in a patient with spinal cord injury and various other neurological d ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Bladder Stones | Bladder stones are solid calculi that are primarily found in the urinary bladder. While often calcified, they may also be composed of non-calcific mat ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Bladder Trauma | Bladder injury is broadly divided into extraperitoneal and intraperitoneal injuries. Extraperitoneal bladder injuries generally occur with pelvic frac ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Bortezomib | Bortezomib is FDA-approved for use in the initial treatment of multiple myeloma in combination with cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone. It is also FDA ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Bullous Pemphigoid | Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common autoimmune subepidermal blistering disorder, representing 80% of subepidermal immunobullous cases. Bullous ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Bumetanide | Bumetanide is FDA approved for the management of various edematous conditions secondary to cardiac failure, or hepatic or renal disease, including the ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Cadmium Toxicity | Cadmium is a heavy metal that causes direct harm to humans in several forms. It is regularly found with other heavy metals such as zinc, copper, and ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Calcineurin Inhibitors | Calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) are composed of three drugs (cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and pimecrolimus). They are primarily used as immunosuppressive dr ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Calcinosis Cutis | Calcinosis cutis occurs when calcium salts are deposited into the skin and subcutaneous tissue. It is classified into five main types: dystrophic, met ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Calciphylaxis | Calciphylaxis, also known as calcific uremic arteriolopathy, is a rare but potentially devastating condition most often observed in patients with end- ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Calcium Gluconate | Calcium gluconate is a medication used in the management of hypocalcemia, cardiac arrest and cardiotoxicity due to hyperkalemia or hypermagnesemia. It ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Cancer-associated Thrombosis | Cancer-associated thrombosis is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality for cancer patients. It commonly occurs in patients with clinical ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Candesartan | Candesartan is an oral angiotensin II receptor blocker. It is available as a pro-drug, candesartan cilexetil, which undergoes hydrolysis in the gastro ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriacea | Gram-negative bacterial resistance to antibiotics has decreased the physician’s ability to combat infection. Carbapenems are the most potent beta-lact ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Carbon Tetrachloride Toxicity | Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is an important agent for multiple purposes, such as cleaning purposes, industrial agents, etc. But it can cause several a ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Cardiac Catheterization Risks and Complications | Cardiac catheterization is one of the most widely performed cardiac procedures. In the United States, more than 1,000,000 cardiac catheterization proc ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Cardiorenal Syndrome | The cardiorenal syndrome includes multiple subtypes based on underlying pathology and chronicity. Each subtype involves unique pathophysiology, and th ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Catheter Management Of Aortic Valve Disorders | Aortic valve disease is one of the most common valvular disorders in the United States and worldwide. Transcatheter management is emerging as a releva ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infections | A central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) is defined as a laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection not related to an infection at ano ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Central Line Placement | A central line is a large-bore central venous catheter that is typically placed using a sterile technique unless a patient is unstable, in which case ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Central Retinal Vein Occlusion | Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is the second most common retinal vascular disease and is a common loss of vision in older patients. There are two types ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Cephalexin | Cephalexin is an FDA approved antibiotic. Cephalexin is a first-generation cephalosporin utilized in the treatment of urinary tract infections, respir ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Cerebral Salt Wasting Syndrome | Cerebral salt wasting (CSW) is a potential cause of hyponatremia in the setting of disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Cerebral salt wasting ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Charcot Marie Tooth | Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the commonest inherited neuromuscular disorder. It affects the peripheral nerves and leads to progressive weaknes ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 18 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Cholecalciferol | Cholecalciferol is a medication used in the management and treatment of osteoporosis and Vitamin D insufficiency/ deficiency in both healthy patients ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Cholesterol Emboli | Cholesterol embolization syndrome occurs when atheromatous plaques in large arteries release cholesterol emboli and atheromatous debris into the circu ... Read the Article | 1 | 9 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Chronic Inflammation | Chronic inflammation is also referred to as slow, long-term inflammation lasting several months to years. Generally, the extent and effects of chronic ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Chronic Kidney Transplant Rejection | Kidney transplantation is currently the definitive treatment for patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Compared to dialysis, kidney transpla ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Chronic Renal Failure | Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as the presence of kidney damage or an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 ml/min per 1.7 ... Read the Article | 1.75 | 23 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Chronic Transplantation Rejection | Transplant rejection can be classified as hyperacute, acute, or chronic. Hyperacute rejection is usually caused by specific antibodies against the gra ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Cinacalcet | Cinacalcet is a medication used in the management and treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism (on dialysis population), primary hyperparathyroidism ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma | Among the genitourinary cancers, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the seventh most common cancer in men and has a high mortality rate. The prognosis of m ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Complicated Urinary Tract Infections | Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common presenting causes of sepsis in hospitals, and urinary tract infections have a wide variety o ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Conn Syndrome | Conn syndrome was named after J. W. Conn who first described it in 1955, in a patient who had hypertension with an aldosterone-producing adenoma. The ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy | Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is one of the renal replacement methods that include intermittent hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Th ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Contrast Agent Toxicity | Contrast agents, also called contrast media, are substances used to enhance the radiodensity of a targeted tissue by altering the way that electromagn ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 16 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Contrast-Induced Nephropathy | Iodine contrast medium is essential in invasive and interventional cardiac procedures. Because of an increasing number of coronary angiography and cor ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Copper Toxicity | Copper metabolism plays an important role in physiologic homeostasis. Copper toxicity, however, induces several pathologic processes that are detrimen ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Coronary Artery Surgery | Coronary artery surgery is performed because coronary artery disease remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Variations in technique a ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Corticosteroid Adverse Effects | Corticosteroids are hormone mediators produced by the cortex of adrenal glands that further categorize into glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and a ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Corticosteroids | Corticosteroids are drugs used in the management and treatment of almost all areas in medicine. This activity outlines the indications, action, and co ... Read the Article | 1 | 9 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Crescentric Glomerulonephritis | Crescentric glomerulonephritis, also known as rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, is a condition of the kidney characterized by a rapid loss of re ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease | Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare, fatal degenerative brain disorder caused by prion proteins. It belongs to a group of transmissible spongifo ... Read the Article | 1 | 9 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Crohn Disease | Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are two conditions commonly referred to as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). They are immunologically m ... Read the Article | 2 | 34 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Cryglobulinemic Vasculitis | Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis is an immune complex-mediated inflammation of blood vessels. It is usually seen as part of other diseases and is the most ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Crystalloid Fluids | Crystalloid fluids are a subset of intravenous solutions that find frequent use in the clinical setting. Crystalloid fluids are the first-line choice ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Cyclosporine | Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressive agent used to treat organ rejection post-transplant. It also has use in certain other autoimmune diseases, treatm ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Cystic Kidney Disease | Cystic kidney diseases are multisystemic disorders that can develop due to genetic or non-genetic causes in children and adults. These can be a seriou ... Read the Article | 1 | 11 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Cystinuria | Cystine stones are due to an inherited defect in the transport of the amino acid cystine leading to excessive excretion in the kidney causing cystinur ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Cystoscopy | Cystourethroscopy is one of the most common procedures performed by a urologic surgeon. It allows for direct visualization of the urethra, urethral sp ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Cytomegalovirus | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a wide-spread virus, with manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to severe end-organ dysfunction in immunocompromised patie ... Read the Article | 1 | 12 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Deep Venous Thrombosis Of The Lower Extremity | A deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) is a blood clot that forms within the deep veins usually of the leg but can occur in the veins of the arms and the mesent ... Read the Article | 1 | 9 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Deferoxamine | Deferoxamine is a medication used in Iron and aluminum toxicity. It is in the chelator class of drugs. This activity reviews the indications, mechanis ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Desmopressin | Desmopressin is a drug which acts on the vasopressin receptors of the body. It has many relevant clinical uses, ranging from nocturnal enuresis to hem ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Dextran | Dextran is a medication used in the management and treatment of various clinical conditions, including during hemorrhage, shock, surgical procedures, ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Diabetes Insipidus | Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a disease process that results in either decreased release of or response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also known as vasop ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 15 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Diabetes Mellitus | Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease of inadequate control of blood levels of glucose. It has many subclassifications, including type 1, type 2, maturi ... Read the Article | 1.75 | 28 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Diabetic Nephropathy | Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the main cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in developed countries, including the United States. It is consider ... Read the Article | 1 | 9 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Dialysis Catheter | Dialysis catheters are artificial indwelling transcutaneous conduits used to access the intravascular space or intraperitoneal space for renal replace ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Dialysis Disequilibrium Syndrome | Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome (DDS) refers to an array of neurological manifestations that are seen during or following dialysis. The symptoms can ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Dialysis Fistula | Dialysis fistula creation is a commonly performed procedure for patients with end-stage renal disease who require permanent vascular access for hemodi ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Didanosine | Didanosine is a medication used in the management and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is in the nucleoside reverse transcriptase i ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma | Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common lymphoma, accounting for about 25% to 30% of all the non-Hodgkin lymphomas. It typically pres ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Diffuse Proliferative Glomerulonephritis | Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (DPGN) is a common and serious histological form of renal injury seen commonly in those suffering from autoim ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Digoxin Immune Fab | Digoxin immune fab is a medication used in the management and treatment of digoxin toxicity. Most toxicity cases are seen in patients with a past medi ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Double J Placement Methods Comparative Analysis | Every urologist seems to have his own unique and personal procedure for double J stent placement as there is no single, universally accepted or recomm ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Eclampsia | This article discusses preeclampsia and eclampsia, one of the four categories of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Eclampsia is a severe complicati ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Emtricitabine | The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) emtricitabine is used in combination with other antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the treatment of ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Enalapril | Enalapril is a medication used in the management of hypertension and congestive heart failure. It is an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. This ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Endocarditis Antibiotic Regimens | Infective endocarditis is an uncommon infection with a high mortality rate. It requires prompt identification and carefully selected antibiotic therap ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| End-Stage Renal Disease | More than 500,000 people in the United States live with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its progre ... Read the Article | 1 | 10 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli | Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a bacterial infection resulting in bloody dysentery and an increased risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome (H ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Eosinophilia | Eosinophils are a kind of blood granulocytes that express cytoplasmic granules that contain basic proteins and bind with acidic dyes like “eosin.” The ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Eplerenone | Eplerenone is a medication used in the management and treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, as well as hypertension. It is in the ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Epoetin Alfa | Epoetin alfa is a medication used in the management of anemia secondary to bone marrow failure. It is one of the erythropoiesis-stimulating class of d ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Erythropoietin | Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone, naturally produced by the peritubular cells of the kidney, that stimulates red blood cell production. ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Esophageal Ulcer | An esophageal ulcer is a distinct break in the margin of the esophageal mucosa. This mucosal damage to the esophagus is often caused by gastroesophage ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Essential Hypertension | The current definition of hypertension (HTN) is systolic blood pressure (SBP) values of 130mmHg or more and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) more tha ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 16 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Ethylene Glycol Toxicity | Ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) is a toxic alcohol that is found in various household and industrial agents. Ethylene glycol exposure can be extremely danger ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Exchange Transfusion | Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is a procedure employed to "cleanse" the blood of various pathologic entities including antibodies, immune complexes ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Extrapyramidal Symptoms | Extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), commonly referred to as drug-induced movement disorders are among the most common adverse drug effects patients exp ... Read the Article | 1 | 9 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Fabry Disease | Fabry disease is a multi-systemic, X-linked recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by decreased activity of alpha-galactosidase A and results in l ... Read the Article | 1 | 9 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia | Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is a rare autosomal dominant condition. It occurs as a result of mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Fanconi Syndrome | Fanconi syndrome, not to be confused with Fanconi anemia, is a defect of the proximal tubule that prevents the absorption of electrolytes and other su ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Febuxostat | Febuxostat is a medication used in the management and treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. It is in a class of medications known as xanthine oxidase i ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Femoral Vein Central Venous Access | Venous access can be obtained through the cannulation of peripheral veins, such as the antecubital vein or saphenous vein, or central veins, such as t ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Fenoldopam | Fenoldopam is used primarily for the lowering of blood pressure during episodes of severe hypertension. Fenoldopam has a unique mechanism of action co ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Fentanyl | Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid, which, similar to morphine, produces analgesia but to a greater extent. This robust pharmacologic agent is typi ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Fibrinous Pericarditis | The fibrous pericardium is the outer layer and holds the heart in place and protect it from surrounding infections. It is composed of thick connective ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Fibromuscular Dysplasia | Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a rare systemic vascular disease, affecting younger women and accounting for 10% to 20% of the cases of renal artery ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Fibrous Dysplasia | Fibrous dysplasia is a typically benign bone lesion characterized by intramedullary fibro-osseous proliferation secondary to altered osteogenesis. The ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Fluid Resuscitation | The primary role of fluid resuscitation is to maintain organ perfusion (hemodynamics) and substrate (oxygen, electrolytes, among others) delivery thro ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Fluvastatin | In adults, fluvastatin is indicated for hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia to decrease the amount of total cholesterol in the blood. Specific ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis | Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS) is histologically characterized by segmental scarring that involves a part of the glomerulus and only affe ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 3 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Foscarnet | Foscarnet is a medication used in the management and treatment of CMV, HSV, and VZV viral infections in AIDS and immunocompromised patients. It is in ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Furosemide | Furosemide is a loop diuretic that has been in use for decades. However, clinicians must be aware of updates related to the indications and administra ... Read the Article | 1 | 12 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Gadolinium Magnetic Resonance Imaging | Contrast agents are pharmaceuticals that increase the information content of diagnostic images. They serve to improve the sensitivity and specificity ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Gitelman Syndrome | Gitelman syndrome is a salt-losing tubulopathy caused by mutation of genes encoding sodium chloride (NCCT) and magnesium transporters in the thiazide- ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Glomerulonephritis | The term "glomerulonephritis" encompasses a subset of renal diseases characterized by immune-mediated damage to the basement membrane, mesangium, or t ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 16 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Goodpasture Syndrome | Goodpasture syndrome, also referred to as anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease, is an autoimmune disease that affects both the kidneys ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 13 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis | Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a rare vasculitis affecting small vessels. Hallmark features include necrotizing granulomas and pauci-immune ... Read the Article | 1 | 10 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hematuria | Hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine. Hematuria can be gross or microscopic; gross hematuria is visible blood in urine whereas microscopic ... Read the Article | 1 | 9 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hemodialysis | Dialysis is a form of renal replacement therapy. The kidney’s role of filtration of the blood is supplemented by artificial equipment for the removal ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hemorrhagic Fever Renal Syndrome | Hemorrhagic fever renal syndrome (HFRS) is an acute zoonotic disease transmitted through aerosolized excrement of rodents (mice, rats, shrews, and vol ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hemorrhoidectomy | Hemorrhoidal disease is a common disorder requiring surgical intervention in approximately 10% of cases. The overall prevalence is unknown because asy ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Henoch Schonlein Purpura | Henoch-Schonlein purpura is an IgA-mediated immune vasculitis involving the small vessels of the joints, kidneys, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, skin, a ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia | Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a severe complication that can occur in patients exposed to any form or amount of heparin products. A fall i ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 19 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hepatic Cirrhosis | Cirrhosis is characterized by fibrosis and nodule formation of the liver secondary to chronic injury, leading to alteration of the normal lobular orga ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 21 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hepatitis B Vaccine | The hepatitis B vaccine is a medication used in the prevention of hepatitis B infection, which can lead to chronic liver failure and hepatocellular ca ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 13 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hepatitis E | Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is classified in the genus Orthohepevirus of the Hepeviridae family and is one of the most common causes of hepatitis in the w ... Read the Article | 1 | 9 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hepatorenal Syndrome | Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a multiorgan condition of acute kidney injury seen in those with advanced liver disease. Patients with this condition pr ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) | Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is a medication regimen used in the management and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV- ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| HIV Nephropathy | HIV-associated nephropathy is an aggressive condition that requires prompt diagnosis to prevent permanent damage to renal function. While the advent o ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors | HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are lipid-lowering medications used in the primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. This act ... Read the Article | 1 | 11 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Horseshoe Kidney | Horseshoe kidneys are the most common fusion defect of the kidneys occurring in approximately 1:500 individuals. They are characterized by abnormaliti ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hungry Bone Syndrome | Hungry bone syndrome is a state of profound hypocalcemia that can persist for prolonged periods, most notably after parathyroidectomy and thyroidectom ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hydralazine | Hydralazine is used orally as a therapeutic agent to treat essential hypertension and intravenously to lower blood pressure urgently or emergently. FD ... Read the Article | 1 | 9 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hydronephrosis And Hydroureter | Hydronephrosis and hydroureter result from obstruction of urine flow in the urinary system at the renal pelvis and ureter level, respectively. This is ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hyperaldosteronism | Hyperaldosteronism occurs due to the excess production of aldosterone from the adrenal gland. Hyperaldosteronism can initially present as essential an ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hyperamylasemia | Hyperamylasemia refers to elevated levels of serum amylase. It is most commonly observed and evaluated in patients with acute pancreatitis to confirm ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hypercalcemia | Calcium is the most abundant cation found in the human body and plays an integral role in neural transmission, enzyme activity, myocardial function, c ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 17 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hypercalciuria | Hypercalciuria is generally considered to be the most common identifiable metabolic risk factor for calcium nephrolithiasis. It also contributes to os ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hyperchloremic Acidosis | Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis is a pathological state that results from bicarbonate loss, rather than acid production or retention. Bicarbonate lo ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hypermagnesemia | Magnesium is an essential element for the life of plants as it is part of chlorophyll. Moreover, it is abundant in animal tissues, where it is fundame ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hyperphosphatemia | This article summarises the basics of Hyperphosphatemia, including its pathophysiology, evaluation, and management. Though this condition is seen more ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hypertensive Emergency | A hypertensive emergency is an acute, marked elevation in blood pressure that is associated with signs of target-organ damage. These can include pulmo ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hypertensive Encephalopathy | Hypertensive encephalopathy is a less commonly encountered type of hypertensive emergency, highlighted by mental status changes and severely elevated ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hyperuricosuria | Uric acid renal calculi are formed as a consequence of various metabolic abnormalities. Although rare, its prevalence is increasing with the change in ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hypoalbuminemia | Hypoalbuminaemia is one of the most prevalent disorders in hospitalized and critically ill patients. Hypoalbuminaemia may be a result of decreased pro ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hypokalemia | One of the most common electrolyte disturbances seen in clinical practice is hypokalemia. Hypokalemia is more prevalent than hyperkalemia, and most ca ... Read the Article | 1 | 12 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis | Hypokalemic periodic paralysis is a rare channelopathy caused by the skeletal muscle ion channel mutations, commonly calcium channel and less commonly ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hypomagnesemia | Magnesium is an important electrolyte. It is a key part of many reactions that occur in the human body, affecting cellular function, nerve conduction, ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 3 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hypoparathyroidism | Parathyroid hormone deficiency, also called hypoparathyroidism, results in hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and increased neuromuscular irritability. ... Read the Article | 1 | 9 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hypophosphatemia | Given its widespread role in nearly every molecular, cellular function, aberrations in serum phosphate levels can be highly impactful. Hypophosphatemi ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Hypotension | Hypotension is a decrease in systemic blood pressure below accepted low values. While there is not an accepted standard hypotensive value, pressures l ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemorrhage | Idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage is a rare condition caused by bleeding into the lower respiratory tract, usually the alveoli. Its classical presentati ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Ifosfamide | Ifosfamide is a cytotoxic medication used in the management and treatment of various cancers such as lymphomas, sarcomas, and lung cancers. It is in t ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| IgA Nephropathy | IgA nephropathy is a common forms of glomerulonephritis caused by the deposition of IgA type immunoglobulins in the glomerular basement membrane. Immu ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| IgG4 Related Disease | Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is also known as IgG4-related systemic disease, hyper-IgG4 disease, IgG4-related autoimmune disease, IgG4- ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Indinavir | Indinavir is an alpha-amino acid amide protease inhibitor used as a treatment therapy for Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, which can lea ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Inhalational Anesthetic | Inhalation anesthetics (nitrous oxide, halothane, isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane most commonly used agents in practice today) are used for induct ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Isopropanol Toxicity | Isopropanol, or isopropyl alcohol, is a clear, colorless liquid that emits an odor that resembles acetone. It is a commercially available product main ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Itraconazole | Itraconazole is a medication used in the management and treatment of fungal infections. It is in the antifungal class of medications. This activity re ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Ketorolac | Ketorolac is a medication used in the management and treatment of acute moderate to severe pain. It is in the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug clas ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Kidney Trauma | Renal trauma can result in injury to the parenchyma or the renal vasculature which can cause bleeding or injury to the collecting system with possible ... Read the Article | 1 | 10 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Left Renal Vein Obstruction | Left renal vein obstruction, also known as Nutcracker phenomenon (NCP), occurs due to the external compression of the left renal vein (LRV) in between ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Leptospirosis | Leptospirosis, also called Weil disease, is the most common zoonotic infection in the world. Leptospirosis is caused by an infection with the spiroche ... Read the Article | 1 | 11 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Liddle Syndrome | Resistant hypertension is a condition in which blood pressure continues to be greater than 140/90 mm Hg despite compliance with a regimen of 3 antihyp ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Lisinopril | Lisinopril is classified as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and has been available for nearly three decades. Lisinopril has some key featur ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Loop Diuretics | Loop diuretics are medications used in the management and treatment of fluid overload conditions such as heart failure, nephrotic syndrome or cirrhosi ... Read the Article | 1 | 11 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Loperamide | Loperamide is a medication used in the treatment of diarrhea. It classifies as an anti-diarrheal agent. The use of loperamide in high doses has been a ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Losartan | Losartan is FDA approved for the treatment of several medical conditions, which include the following: hypertension, diabetic nephropathy. ARBs are kn ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Lung Perfusion Scan | A ventilation-perfusion (VQ) scan is a diagnostic test using radioisotopes to evaluate lung perfusion and ventilation. Its most common clinical use is ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Lupus Nephritis | Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that results in chronic inflammation and damage of more than one organ. It is diagnosed cl ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Lytic Bone Lesions | Bone tumors are mostly benign. Most important determinants in imaging of bone tumors are morphology on plain radiograph (well defined lytic, ill-defin ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Magnesium Toxicity | Magnesium toxicity is commonly caused by the overuse of magnesium-containing medication or under-excretion of magnesium by the kidneys. Early recognit ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Malaria | Malaria is a parasitic infection transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito that leads to acute life-threatening disease and poses a significant global hea ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 13 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Malignancy-Related Hypercalcemia | Hypercalcemia is a common metabolic abnormality seen in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Depending on the serum calcium levels, hypercalcemia i ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Medullary Sponge Kidney | Medullary sponge kidney is a benign congenital abnormality that was first described in 1939. Anatomically it is characterized by cystic dilatation of ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Memantine | Memantine is an antagonist of the NMDA (N-Methyl-D-Aspartate)-receptor subtype of glutamate receptor. It is used to slow the neurotoxicity thought to ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Membranous Glomerulonephritis | Membranous nephropathy (MN) is an immune complex deposition disease. IgG and complements predominantly deposit beneath the podocytes on the sub-epithe ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Membranous Nephropathy | Membranous nephropathy (MN), also known as membranous glomerulopathy, is one of the many glomerular diseases causing nephrotic syndrome. It is charact ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Mercaptopurine | Mercaptopurine is a medication used in the management and treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It is in the class of medications known as purine ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Mesalamine (USAN) | Mesalamine, is also known as 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), is a medication used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. It is under the drug classif ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Mesna | Mesna is a medication used in the management and treatment of hemorrhagic cystitis associated with chemotherapy. This activity outlines the indication ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Metabolic Acidosis | Acid-base disorders are disturbances in the homeostasis of hydrogen ion concentration in the plasma. Any process that increases the serum hydrogen ion ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 16 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Metformin | Metformin, FDA-approved in 1994, is an antidiabetic agent used in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin comes in both immediate-release and extended-rel ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Methanol Toxicity | Methanol (CH3OH) is a toxic alcohol that is found in various household and industrial agents. Methanol exposure can be extremely dangerous, with signi ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 23 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Methyldopa | Methyldopa is a medication used in the management and treatment of hypertension. It is in the centrally acting anti-hypertensive class of drugs. This ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Microalbuminuria | The current definition of microalbuminuria (MA) is an amount of urinary albumin that is greater than the normal value, but also lower than what is det ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Microscopic Polyangiitis | Microscopic polyangiitis is a small vessel necrotizing vasculitis which is a part of a large spectrum of disorders termed as anti-neutrophil-cytoplasm ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Minimal Change Disease | Minimal change disease (MCD), is one of the most common causes of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children. In the past, MCD was given the labels "ni ... Read the Article | 1 | 10 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Minocycline | Minocycline is a medication used in the management and treatment of both infectious and non-infectious conditions. It is in the tetracycline class of ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Mirabegron | Mirabegron is a medication used in the management of overactive bladder. It is in the sympathomimetic class of medications. This activity reviews the ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| MR Angiogram | Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) encompasses several imaging techniques based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) developed for studying the arter ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Multiple Myeloma | Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal plasma cell proliferative disorder characterized by the abnormal increase of monoclonal paraprotein leading to evide ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 23 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Myeloma Kidney | Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell disorder characterized by clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells producing monoclonal proteins and caus ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Myoglobinuria | Myoglobinuria is the presence of an excess amount of myoglobin in the urine. It is mostly caused by muscle breakdown, releasing a high amount of myogl ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Nadolol | Nadolol is a medication used in the treatment of angina and hypertension, which are significant risk factors for the development of coronary artery di ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Nail Patella Syndrome | Nail patella syndrome (NPS) is a rare multisystemic disease with a classic clinical tetrad of fingernail dysplasia, hypoplasia or absence of the patel ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Nelson Syndrome | Nelson syndrome or post adrenalectomy syndrome was first reported in 1958 by Dr. Don H. Nelson, an endocrinology fellow at the time. This clinical syn ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Nephritic Syndrome | The nephritic syndrome is a clinical syndrome presenting as hematuria, hypertension, oliguria, and edema. It can be due to a primary renal disease or ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Nephrocalcinosis | Nephrocalcinosis, a term first coined in 1934 by Fuller Albright, refers to augmented calcium content within the kidney which can be in the form of ca ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Nephrolithiasis | Nephrolithiasis is the term employed for kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, and they are crystal concretions formed typically in the kidney. ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 13 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Nephrotic Syndrome | Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a clinical syndrome defined by massive proteinuria (greater than 40 mg/m2 per hour) responsible for hypoalbuminemia (less t ... Read the Article | 1 | 12 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Nephrotoxic Medications | Numerous drugs used in the management and treatment of multiple diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, and other pathologies, are nephrotoxic. Th ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Neuromuscular Blocking Agents | The widespread use of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) was a significant milestone in the development of anesthesia. Before the introduction of N ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| New Onset Diabetes After Transplant | New-onset diabetes mellitus after transplantation (NODAT) is the development of diabetes mellitus after solid organ transplantation. NODAT frequently ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Nitrates | Nitrates are useful in the management and treatment of angina. They are a group of medications that cause vasodilation by donating nitric oxide. This ... Read the Article | 1 | 9 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Nitrofurantoin | Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic medication that is used for the treatment of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection. It is effective against most ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Nocturia | Nocturia is defined as the need for patients to get up at night on a regular basis to urinate. A period of sleep must precede and follow the urinary e ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a group of malignant neoplasms originating from the lymphoid tissues, mainly the lymph nodes. These tumors may result due to c ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 10 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Normal Saline | Fluid therapy is a critical component of the clinical management of patients. It consists of colloid therapy as well as crystalloid therapy. The most ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Nutcracker Syndrome | Nutcracker syndrome is a venous compression syndrome involving the left renal vein. It is an uncommon, although possibly underdiagnosed, condition tha ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Oral Hypoglycemic Medications | The most effective management of diabetes mellitus demands an interprofessional approach involving both lifestyle modifications with diet and exercise ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Oral Transmucosal Fentanyl | Oral transmucosal fentanyl is a medication used in the management and treatment of breakthrough pain. It is in the class of short-acting synthetic opi ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency | Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency is the most common of the urea cycle disorders. It is an X-linked genetic disorder that prevents the breakdown a ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Orthostatic Proteinuria | Orthostatic proteinuria, also known as postural proteinuria, is a condition where an abnormally large amount of protein is excreted in the urine when ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica | Osteitis fibrosa cystica (OFC) is a skeletal disorder caused by an overproduction of parathyroid hormone from the overactive parathyroid glands. Ostei ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Page Kidney | Page kidney or Page phenomenon results from external compression of the kidney by a chronic subcapsular hematoma. It is a rare, treatable cause of sec ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Pancreas Transplantation | Pancreas transplantation provides effective glycemic control in diabetic patients and has the potential to cure this disease and prevent cardiovascula ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Paroxetine | Paroxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). It is used to treat several diseases, including major depressive disorder, obsessive-co ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Pathologic Fractures | Pathologic fractures occur secondary to altered skeletal physiology and mechanics in the setting of a benign or malignant lesion. Proper diagnosis, st ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Pediatric Fluid Management | Dehydration occurs commonly in children and many times requires resuscitation. Fluid resuscitation is essential in the management of critically ill ch ... Read the Article | 1 | 11 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Pelvic Kidney | The term pelvic kidney encompasses a range of anatomical abnormalities that occur when the kidney fails to rise from the pelvis in its metanephros sta ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Pembrolizumab | Pembrolizumab is a medication used in the management and treatment of various oncologic conditions. It is in the cancer immunotherapy class of drugs. ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Penicillamine | Penicillamine has FDA approval as a treatment for Wilson disease and cystinuria. It is used as an off-label treatment option for lead poisoning in chi ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the leading causes of death. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a non-surgical, invasive procedure wi ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Percutaneous Nephrostomy | This activity reviews salient details regarding accessing the renal collecting system via a puncture through the lumbar region of the back (percutaneo ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Pericarditis | Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardial sac and is the most common pathologic process involving the pericardium. Temporally, it may be further ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 16 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Perinephric Abscess | A perinephric abscess is usually a complication of urologic infection which results from fat necrosis. Before the era of antibiotics, perinephric absc ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Perioperative Acute Kidney Injury | Perioperative acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common yet under-recognized problem that increases mortality, morbidity, and increases the cost of hospit ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Peripheral Vascular Bypass | Peripheral vascular bypass (PVB) refers to surgical revision of blood flow to restore perfusion distal to an occluded or otherwise disrupted arterial ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Peritoneal Dialysis | Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is used by less than 7 percent of dialysis patients in the United States. In Canada, more than 50 percent of dialysis patient ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia | Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP), now referred to as Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia is a fungal infection that most commonly affects the immunoc ... Read the Article | 2.25 | 39 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Pneumocystis Jiroveci Prophylaxis | Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a life-threatening condition caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii affecting immunocompromised individuals. Patients at hig ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Polyarteritis Nodosa | Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN) is a systemic necrotizing vasculitis first described in 1866 by Adolph Kussmaul and Rudolph Maier. It typically affects med ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Polycystic Kidney Disease | Polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is an autosomal dominant disorder. It is a multisystem and progressive disease with cysts formation and kidney enlar ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 13 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Polycystic Kidney Disease In Adults | Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is a disorder in which there is an enlargement of the kidneys with multiple cyst formation. There is a de ... Read the Article | 1 | 9 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Polycystic Kidney Disease Of Childhood | There are two inherited varieties of polycystic kidney disease (PKD): autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive pol ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Polygenic Hypercholesterolemia | Hypercholesterolemia causes atherosclerotic vascular disease leading to the development of coronary artery disease, transient ischemic attack, stroke, ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Post Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders | Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a well-known, life-threatening complication of organ transplantation, predominantly occurring a ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Postherpetic Neuralgia | Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) is the most common long-term complication of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivation. This reactivation of the dormant ... Read the Article | 1 | 10 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Postobstructive Diuresis | Urinary retention is a relatively common urological problem encountered in both inpatient and outpatient settings. It should be high on the differenti ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Post-op Urinary Retention | Postoperative urinary retention is the inability to urinate after a surgical procedure despite having a full bladder. It is a relatively common compli ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis | Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) results from a bacterial infection that causes rapid deterioration of the kidney function due to an inflam ... Read the Article | 1 | 12 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Potter Syndrome | Potter syndrome is a fatal congenital disorder characterized by the changes in physical appearances of neonate due to oligohydramnios caused by renal ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Prazosin | Prazosin is a medication used in the management and treatment of hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia, PTSD associated nightmares, and Raynaud p ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Preexposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention | Pre-exposure chemoprophylaxis is a relatively new concept that consists of daily intake of antiretroviral medications that protect high-risk individua ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Prerenal Kidney Failure | Prerenal AKI is an extensively researched topic, which requires prompt identification and early intervention to prevent long term sequelae. This activ ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Primary Hyperaldosteronism | Primary hyperaldosteronism (PA) is an underdiagnosed cause of hypertension. The classic presentation of PA includes hypertension and hypokalemia. Howe ... Read the Article | 1 | 10 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Primary Hyperparathyroidism | Primary hyperparathyroidism is a relatively common disorder that can cause significant renal and skeletal complications. Surgery remains the definitiv ... Read the Article | 1 | 11 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Primary Polydipsia | Primary polydipsia can be categorized into two types. They are psychogenic polydipsia and dipsogenic polydipsia. Psychogenic polydipsia is a condition ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Prostaglandin E2 (Dinoprostone) | Prostaglandin E2 is an FDA-approved medication used both for the evacuation of uterine contents and for the induction of labor. It is in the prostagla ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Prostate Abscess | A prostate abscess is a complication resulting from the acute infectious process of the prostate. This activity outlines the pathogenesis and evaluati ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Proteus Mirabilis Infections | Proteus mirabilis is a gram-negative facultative anaerobe with swarming motility and an ability to self-elongate and secrete a polysaccharide which al ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Pseudohyponatremia | Pseudohyponatremia is an uncommon laboratory artifact finding that can lead to severe morbidity and mortality if not recognized promptly. This activit ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Pulmonary Edema | Pulmonary edema is defined as an abnormal accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung parenchyma. Two main types are cardiogenic and noncardiogen ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 13 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Pyelonephritis Xanthogranulomatous | Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a rare and aggressive variant of chronic pyelonephritis. It usually occurs due to chronic nephrolithiasis and in ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Quinolones | Quinolones are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics used in the management and treatment of many different bacterial infections. This activity review ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Radiation Cystitis And Hyperbaric Management | Radiation cystitis describes the inflammation and resultant cellular destruction of the bladder that occurs as an adverse effect of the radiation used ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis | Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is the cause of rapid loss of renal function. It is a rare syndrome but has a high rate of renal failure and mo ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Reactive Perforating Collagenosis | Reactive perforating collagenosis is a form of primary perforating dermatosis. It is a rare skin disease in which there is characteristic transepiderm ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections | Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common cause of morbidity, especially in young women. With appropriate care, they can be easily treate ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Reflux Nephropathy | Reflux nephropathy (RN) often presents in early adulthood with various clinical manifestations of chronic kidney disease. Reflux nephropathy was previ ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Remdesivir | Remdesivir is an investigational drug that has received permission for clinical use based on an emergency use authorization (EUA) issued by the US Foo ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Renal Artery Stenosis | Renal artery stenosis is narrowing of the one or both of renal arteries. It is the major cause of hypertension and according to some reports is the ca ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Renal Biopsy | This activity reviews the process of obtaining kidney tissue samples for analysis of both focal renal lesions and diffuse renal diseases via needle pu ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Renal Calculi | Renal calculi are a common cause of blood in the urine (hematuria) and pain in the abdomen, flank, or groin. They occur in one in 11 people at some ti ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Renal Cancer | Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common malignant tumor of the kidney and constitutes over 90 percent of all renal malignancies. RCC may be spor ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Renal Cell Cancer | Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), which originate within the renal cortex, are responsible for 80% to 85% of all primary renal neoplasms. Transitional cel ... Read the Article | 1 | 9 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Renal Clear Cell Cancer | Clear cell renal cancer is the most common type of kidney cancer, comprising 80 percent of all malignant tumors found within the kidney. It is known a ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Renal Cyst | Renal cysts are the most common lesion of the kidney and are seen in approximately 40 percent of patients that undergo imaging studies involving the a ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Renal Extracorporeal Lithotripsy | Renal extracorporeal lithotripsy is a procedure that utilizes shockwaves to fragment kidney stones that can then pass through the urinary tract and be ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Renal Failure | The term renal failure denotes inability of the kidneys to perform excretory function leading to retention of nitrogenous waste products from the bloo ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Renal Leiomyosarcoma | Renal leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a rare and aggressive mesenchymal tumor. The tumor usually arises from the smooth muscle cells of the intrarenal blood v ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Renal Lymphoma | Renal involvement in lymphoma is commonly in the presence of widespread nodal or extranodal lymphoma. This is classified as secondary renal lymphoma ( ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 2 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Renal Oncocytoma | Renal oncocytomas are common benign kidney neoplasms that account for 3 to 7 percent of renal neoplasms. They usually occur in adults, most frequently ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Renal Osteodystrophy | Renal osteodystrophy is one of the main complications of end-stage renal disease that leads to skeletal and extraskeletal manifestations. Although it ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Renal Transplantation Rejection | Various factors merit consideration to match the donor kidney with the recipient, as the donor kidney act as an alloantigen. In general, when transpla ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Renal Tubular Acidosis | Kidneys play a pivotal role in maintaining the acid-base balance of body along with lungs, and they do so by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate and remo ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 12 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Renal Vein Thrombosis | Renal vein thrombosis (RVT), the presence of thrombus in the major renal veins or its tributaries, is a rare clinical entity. It can present acutely o ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Renovascular Hypertension | Renovascular hypertension is one of the most common causes of secondary hypertension. It is mostly due to the narrowing of blood vessels in the kidney ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Retinopathy | Retinopathy refers to pathological alterations to the retina resulting from a variety of causes, including environmental conditions and genetic factor ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Retroperitoneal Fibrosis | Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is a relatively rare condition that is characterized by a chronic inflammatory and fibrosis in the retroperitoneum that ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Rhabdomyolysis | Rhabdomyolysis is a state of muscle injury that can lead to several forms of systemic insult, with the most important being acute kidney injury, elect ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Rosuvastatin | Rosuvastatin is a statin medication used as a lipid-lowering agent. The FDA-approved indications are homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, hyperli ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Sarcoidosis | Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disorder of unknown etiology characterized by the presence of noncaseating granulomas in organs. This condition mostly af ... Read the Article | 1.75 | 29 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Schistosomiasis | Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma haematobium), more specifically known as urogenital schistosomiasis, is an endemic disease to many countries in Africa an ... Read the Article | 1 | 9 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Scleroderma | Scleroderma is a chronic, autoimmune connective tissue disorder that is primarily characterized by thickening and hardening of the skin and other tiss ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 14 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Scleroderma And Primary Myocardial Disease | Systemic scleroderma is a connective tissue disease that can affect internal organs. Cardiac manifestations of the disease can be a result of the prim ... Read the Article | 1 | 11 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Scleroderma And Renal Crisis | Scleroderma renal crisis is a life-threatening complication of scleroderma. It typically presents with the abrupt onset of severe hypertension accompa ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Secondary Hyperparathyroidism | Hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic renal failure is a condition characterized by inappropriate secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), secondary ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Secondary Hypertension | Secondary hypertension is elevated blood pressure (BP), which is secondary to an identifiable cause. This activity outlines the causes, history, and p ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Selenium | Selenium is a trace metal supplement used in the management and treatment of selenium deficiency. This activity reviews the indications, contraindicat ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Septic Peritonitis | Sepsis secondary to peritonitis can have life-threatening ramifications. The abdominal compartment can become a large nidus for pathogens resistant to ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 3 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Sickle Cell Nephropathy | Sickle cell disease (SCD), is an autosomal recessive hemoglobin disorder that results from the replacement of glutamate for valine at the sixth amino ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 3 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Sickle Cell Trait | Sickle cell trait (SCT) is a benign condition in which the affected individual has only one abnormal hemoglobin beta gene allele. This is in contrast ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Simple Renal Cyst | A simple kidney cyst is the most common type of renal cyst. It is a fluid-filled sac that originates from the surface of the kidney. One or more simpl ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Sjogren Syndrome | Primary Sjogren syndrome is a systemic autoimmune disorder commonly presenting with dryness involving the eyes and mouth due to inflammation and resul ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 24 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate | Sodium polystyrene sulfonate is a medication used in the management and treatment of hyperkalemia. This activity outlines and reviews the indications, ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Statin Medications | Statin medications are used in the management and treatment of hypocholesteremia. They are known to be inhibitors of the hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA red ... Read the Article | 1 | 8 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Superior Vena Cava Syndrome | Superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome is a collection of clinical signs and symptoms resulting from either partial or complete obstruction of blood flow t ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Suprapubic Bladder Catheterization | Suprapubic catheterization refers to the placement of a drainage tube into the urinary bladder just above the pubic symphysis. This is typically perfo ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion | Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone ADH release (SIADH) is a condition defined by the unsuppressed release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) fr ... Read the Article | 1 | 11 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease with multisystem involvement and is associated with significant morbidity and mort ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 13 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Systemic Sclerosis | Scleroderma is a rare connective tissue disorder with unknown and complex pathogenesis. Scleroderma can be divided into two forms, Localized Scleroder ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 10 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Tacrolimus | Tacrolimus is a medication used in the prevention and treatment of solid-organ transplant rejection. It is in the calcineurin-inhibitor class of medic ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Therapeutic Uses Of Diuretic Agents | Diuretics are a medication used in the management and treatment of edematous and other non-edematous disease conditions. Diuretics are a class of drug ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 12 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Thiazide Diuretics | Thiazide diuretics are an FDA-approved class of drugs that inhibit the reabsorption of 3% to 5% of luminal sodium in the distal convoluted tubule of t ... Read the Article | 1 | 9 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Evaluation and Management | Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare and life-threatening condition. The majority of cases are related to a severe deficiency of enzyme ... Read the Article | 1 | 9 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Tobramycin | Tobramycin is an antibiotic used in the management and treatment of systemic and ocular infections. It is a type of aminoglycoside. This activity desc ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Tolterodine | Tolterodine is a medication used in the management and treatment of overactive bladder. It is in the antimuscarinic class of medications. This activit ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Topiramate | Topiramate is a medication used in the management and treatment of epilepsy and migraine. It is in the second-generation anti-epileptic drugs class of ... Read the Article | 1 | 12 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Transabdominal Ultrasound | Ultrasound is an imaging modality that has been in clinical use for approximately 50 years, though its utility and efficacy have dramatically improved ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Trauma Organ Procurement | Organ transplantation is defined as removal of organ from one person ( donor) to placement into another person who is called recipient.Transplantation ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Triamterene | Triamterene is a medication used in the management and treatment of edematous states. It is in the potassium-sparing diuretics class of drugs. This ac ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Tuberous Sclerosis | Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder that affects multiple systems. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion and is characte ... Read the Article | 2 | 34 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Tubulointerstitial Nephritis | Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) is a group of immune-mediated inflammatory disease that involves the interstitium and tubules. Inflammation of the ... Read the Article | 1 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Tumor Lysis Syndrome | Tumor lysis syndrome is the most common oncologic emergency. This condition is prevalent in both adult and pediatric oncology patients undergoing chem ... Read the Article | 1 | 10 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Types of Arteriovenous Fistulas | Nearly half a million people require hemodialysis, and each year approximately 100,000 new cases of end-stage renal disease are diagnosed. Consequentl ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Ulcerative Colitis | Ulcerative colitis is an idiopathic inflammatory condition of the colon which results in diffuse friability and superficial erosions on the colonic wa ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 23 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Ultrafiltration in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure | Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) associated with volume overload is responsible for an increasing number of hospital admissions. The volume ov ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Ultrasound Intravascular Access | Ultrasound (US) guidance for intravenous (IV) access has been well documented for more than 20 years and is now routine in many settings for non-emerg ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Ultrasound of the Urinary Tract | The most common indication for a point-of-care ultrasound of the urinary tract in the emergency department is flank pain, which is responsible for app ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 4 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Unstable Angina | Unstable angina is chest discomfort or pain caused by an insufficient flow of blood and oxygen to the heart. It is part of the acute coronary syndrome ... Read the Article | 1.25 | 16 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Uremia | Uremia is a clinical condition associated with worsening renal function. It is characterized by fluid, electrolyte, hormonal, and metabolic abnormalit ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Uremic Pericarditis | The pericardium is the fibroelastic sac surrounding the heart. It is composed of two layers, visceral and parietal, that are separated by a potential ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Ureterolithiasis | Ureterolithiasis is a painful condition that affects millions of Americans each year. To avoid the high morbidity and mortality associated with this c ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction | Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is one of the most common causes of hydronephrosis in children. If it is left untreated, it might cause loss ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Ureteroscopy | Ureteroscopy is one of the most commonly performed procedures by urologists. It is primarily performed for urinary stone disease of the ureters or re ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis | Uric acid nephrolithiasis is commonly seen with certain conditions like metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Increasing a ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Urinary Tract Infection | Forty percent of women in the United States will develop a urinary tract infection (UTI) at some point in her lifetime, making this one of the most co ... Read the Article | 1.5 | 21 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Vascular Tunneled Central Catheter Access | In contrast to non-tunneled central venous catheters (CVCs), subcutaneously tunneled CVCs travel under the skin, away from the point of venous entry, ... Read the Article | 1 | 9 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Venous Gas Embolism | A venous gas embolism is an abnormal collection of gas which forms a bubble in the systemic venous circulation, which can at as an embolus and affect ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Vinca Alkaloid Toxicity | Vinca alkaloids, which belong to a class of cell cycle phase M specific anti-tubulin agents are one of the first plant alkaloids to be developed for u ... Read the Article | 1 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Vitamin B1 Thiamine Deficiency | Thiamine, or vitamin B1, was the first vitamin identified to be identified. It functions as a catalyst in the generation of energy through decarboxyla ... Read the Article | 1 | 9 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Vitamin D | Vitamin D is labeled as the "sunshine vitamin," as it is produced in the skin on sun exposure. Vitamin D is required to maintain serum calcium concent ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Von Hippel Lindau Syndrome | Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disease affecting several organ systems. The disease is characterized by the growth of cysts ... Read the Article | 1 | 7 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome | Waterhouse Friderichsen syndrome is a rare but life-threatening disorder associated with bilateral adrenal hemorrhage. In many cases, it is caused by ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 5 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Yellow Fever | Yellow fever is a mosquito-borne viral illness found in tropical and subtropical areas in South America and Africa. Transmission is primarily via Aede ... Read the Article | 1 | 9 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |
| Zonisamide | Zonisamide is a sulfonamide antiepileptic drug that is a 1,2 benzisoxazole derivative and is the first compound from this group of chemicals to be use ... Read the Article | 0.75 | 6 | Activity MD/PA Activity DO |