Cardiology-Electrophysiology

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Ventricular Fibrillation

Arrhythmias originating from the ventricular myocardium or His-Purkinje system are grouped under ventricular arrhythmia ...
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Pharmacological Cardioversion

Cardioversion is the process of converting an abnormal and potentially dangerous heart rhythm into a normal sinus rhythm ...
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Cryoballoon Pulmonary Vein Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia encountered in the United States. The prevalence of atria ...
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Electrophysiologic Testing

The invasive electrophysiological study (EPS) became a widely used procedure, performed all over the world as an essenti ...
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease with multisystem involvement and is associated with ...
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Torsade de Pointes

Torsades de Pointes is a type of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia characterized on electrocardiogram by oscillatory c ...
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Cardiology-Electrophysiology Activities

Title	Description	Hours	Questions
Adenosine	Adenosine has uses as both a diagnostic or therapeutic agent. As a diagnostic agent, adenosine can be utilized in myocardial perfusion stress imaging ... Read the Article	1	9	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Antiarrhythmic Medications	The antiarrhythmic medications have typically been categorized according to the Vaughan-Williams (VW) classification system. The system classifies the ... Read the Article	1	11	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy	Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), a condition also known as arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD), is a genetic diso ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Ashman Phenomenon	Ashman phenomenon was initially described by Dr. Gouaux and Dr. Ashman in 1947. They described that the earlier in the cycle a premature atrial contra ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Atrial Fibrillation	Atrial fibrillation is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia. It is the leading cardiac cause of stroke. Risk factors for atrial fibrillation inc ... Read the Article	2	31	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Atrial Flutter	Atrial flutter, a supraventricular arrhythmia, is one of the most common rhythm disturbances of the heart. It is characterized by a fast atrial rate w ... Read the Article	1	7	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Atrial Septal Defect	Atrial septal defect (ASD) is one of the most common types of congenital heart defects, occurring in about 25% of children. An atrial septal defect oc ... Read the Article	1.5	18	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Atrial Tachycardia	A focal atrial tachycardia is an arrhythmia with electrical impulses originating and confined within the atria. Focal tachycardia typically occurs in ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Atrioventricular Block	Atrioventricular (AV) conduction is evaluated by assessing the relationship between the P waves and QRS complexes. Normally, there is a P wave that pr ... Read the Article	1	7	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Atrioventricular Block Second-Degree	A delay in conduction between the atria and ventricles results in an atrioventricular conduction block. This is indicated by a prolongation of the PR ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Atrioventricular Canal Defects	Atrioventricular canal defects comprise a spectrum of defects such as exclusive ventricular or atrial defects, septal defects, atrioventricular anomal ... Read the Article	1	7	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Atrioventricular Dissociation	Atrioventricular dissociation is a cardiac conduction defect where the atria and ventricles beat independently of each other. It can occur due to vari ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia	Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a type of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia that results due to the presence of a re-ent ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Atrioventricular Reciprocating Tachycardia	Atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT) is a macroreentrant tachycardia that needs an accessory pathway to bypass the conventional conductio ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Automatic Internal Cardiac Defibrillator	The automated internal cardiac defibrillator or shock box is the common name given to the Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD). ICD is a state ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Beta-Blocker Toxicity	Beta-blockers antagonize beta-adrenergic receptors and are used mainly in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, tachydysrhythmias, and angina ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Brugada Syndrome	Brugada syndrome is a rare but potentially life-threatening inherited disease that predisposes patients to fatal cardiac arrhythmias. The syndrome is ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Caffeine	Caffeine is a naturally occurring, central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class and is the most widely taken psychoactive stimul ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Cardiac Manifestations Of Coronavirus	Coronaviruses are a large family of single positive-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses that can infect many animal species and humans. Human coronaviruse ... Read the Article	1	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Cardiac Syncope	Syncope, a sudden, transient loss of consciousness and postural tone, is a phenomenon estimated to affect 30% to 40% of the population, and those numb ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Cardiopulmonary Fitness	Cardiopulmonary fitness testing is a durable and versatile tool that provides valuable diagnostic and prognostic information regarding patients with c ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity	Carotid sinus hypersensitivity is an exaggerated response to pressure applied to the carotid sinus located in the carotid bifurcation, resulting in br ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Clonidine Toxicity	Clonidine is a commonly prescribed biochemical derivative of imidazoline with a variety of clinical uses. It was originally developed as a nasal decon ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Clozapine	Clozapine is an FDA-approved atypical antipsychotic medication for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Clozapine is not the first-line drug of choice d ... Read the Article	1	7	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Congestive Heart Failure	Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the requirements of the body. It results from a ... Read the Article	1.5	24	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Coronary Artery Surgery	Coronary artery surgery is performed because coronary artery disease remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Variations in technique a ... Read the Article	1	7	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Coronary Flow Effects of Arterial Spasm or Microembolization	Two conditions that can lead to angina symptoms include coronary artery spasm and microembolization. Coronary artery spasm can cause partial or comple ... Read the Article	1	9	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Coronary Sinus Thrombosis	The coronary venous system generally receives minimal attention in the medical literature. Even though the coronary sinus is a major access site for m ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Cryoballoon Pulmonary Vein Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation	Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia encountered in the United States. The prevalence of atrial fibrillation dramatically in ... Read the Article	1	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
DeWinter Pattern	Acute coronary syndromes are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis has a central role, as to allow a timely reperfusion strategy. ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Digoxin Immune Fab	Digoxin immune fab is a medication used in the management and treatment of digoxin toxicity. Most toxicity cases are seen in patients with a past medi ... Read the Article	1	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Dipyridamole	Dipyridamole is an antiplatelet agent used in secondary prophylaxis against stroke and as an adjunctive agent with warfarin post mechanical valve repl ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Dipyridamole Nuclear Stress Test	While conventional stress tests are exercise based, in certain circumstances, there may be contraindications to exercise. In these cases, pharmacologi ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Dofetilide	Clinical uses of dofetilide include maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation. Dofetilide is indicated in adults for the conversio ... Read the Article	1	7	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Double Defibrillation	Refractory ventricular fibrillation (RVF) is an unexpected complication of cardiac arrest that complicates the management of the patient and increases ... Read the Article	1	8	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Double Orifice Mitral Valve	Double orifice mitral valve (DOMV) is a rare, congenital, or acquired anomaly that is typically asymptomatic. With time, however, it may lead to mitra ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Drug Induced Valvular Heart Disease	Drug-induced valvular heart disease (DIVHD) is a condition involving changes in the morphology and functionality of valvular leaflets secondary to exp ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Drug Metabolism	Most drugs undergo chemical alteration by various bodily systems as a way to create compounds that are more easily excreted from the body. These chemi ... Read the Article	1	8	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Ebstein Anomaly And Malformation	Ebstein anomaly of the tricuspid valve is a congenital malformation, in which there is downward displacement of insertion of septal and posterior leaf ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
EKG Rhythm	Successful ECG interpretation requires the utilization of the same stepwise method with each attempt. Like all aspects of electrocardiographic interpr ... Read the Article	1	10	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Electrical Alternans	Electrical alternans is defined as alternating QRS amplitudes in any or all leads on an electrocardiogram (ECG) with no additional evident changes in ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Electrocardiogram	Electrocardiogram (abbreviated as EKG or ECG) represents a recording of the electrical activity of the heart. Willem Einthoven first invented it in 1 ... Read the Article	1	12	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Electrophysiologic Study Interpretation	During the last decades, electrophysiology has evolved into an essential subspecialty in the field of cardiology. Through meticulous electrophysiologi ... Read the Article	1	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Electrophysiologic Testing	The invasive electrophysiological study (EPS) became a widely used procedure, performed all over the world as an essential part of the diagnosis of ar ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
External Pacemaker	External pacing is one of the fastest methods for treating multiple types of conduction abnormalities. It can be applied in the hospital setting or by ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Flecainide	Flecainide is a class IC antiarrhythmic agent. This activity will highlight the mechanism of action, pharmacodynamics, evidenced-based usage and toxic ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Heart Transplantation	A heart transplant is performed in patients with refractory acute and chronic heart failure. An orthotopic heart transplant is the most commonly utili ... Read the Article	1	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
High-Output Cardiac Failure	High-output cardiac failure is a less common form of heart failure, and although it may sound contradictory at first, in the simplest form, it is stil ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Holter Monitor	The Holter monitor is a device that works on Galvanometer's principle to record electrocardiographic signals from an individual who is going about his ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Hyperbaric Cardiovascular Effects	Both the high-pressure environment as well as the hyperoxygenation that is associated with hyperbaric oxygen treatments (HBOT) have numerous consequen ... Read the Article	1	9	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy	Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by a mutation in sarcomere protein genes which effect contraction of the hea ... Read the Article	1.25	17	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy	Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), historically referred to as idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, is a relatively common disorde ... Read the Article	1	11	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Ibutilide	Ibutilide is indicated for the conversion of acute atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm (NSR). Off-label uses of ibutilide in ... Read the Article	1	7	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Idioventricular Rhythm	Idioventricular rhythm is a slow regular ventricular rhythm with a rate of less than 50 bpm, absence of P waves, and a prolonged QRS interval. When th ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Implantable Defibrillator	Practitioners use the terms sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and sudden cardiac death interchangeably; however, their definitions are distinct. Sudden card ... Read the Article	0.75	3	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Implantable Loop Recorder	Ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring is an invaluable tool to assist in diagnosing certain cardiac conditions. There are a variety of ambulat ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Interventions In Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy	Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients can present with symptoms at any phase of life and may have an elevated risk of sudden cardiac death based on ris ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Intracardiac Shunts	Intracardiac shunts are abnormal pathways for blood flow in the heart that form either in addition to or in place of normal pathways for blood flow. T ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Intraoperative Echocardiography	Although transesophageal ultrasound was first reported in the 1970s, the advent of phased array transducers and flexible transesophageal probes in the ... Read the Article	1	9	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Ischemic Cardiomyopathy	Ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) describes ineffective blood pumping by the heart as a result of ischemic damage to the myocardium. It is a common condit ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Isolated Coronary Artery Anomalies	Coronary artery anomalies (CAAs) are a varied group of congenital disorders that refer to abnormalities involving the origin, course, and structure of ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Isoproterenol	Isoproterenol is a beta-1, and beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist indicated primarily for bradydysrhythmias. The administration and subsequent post-ad ... Read the Article	1	7	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Jervell and Lange Nielsen Syndrome	Jervell and Lange Nielsen syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and a prolonged QTc in ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia	Junctional ectopic tachycardia is an arrhythmia usually present in infants but has been seen in older children as well. It can be congenital or postop ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Junctional Rhythm	The sinoatrial node is the natural cardiac pacemaker located in the upper right atrium. The atrioventricular node is a separate cardiac pacemaker loca ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Left Bundle Branch Block	Left bundle branch block (LBBB) is a common electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormality seen in patients whose normal cardiac conduction down both anterior ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Left Ventricular Assist Devices	Heart failure (HF) is a frequent cause of inpatient admissions. The Framingham study in 1993 described the risk factors for heart failure and showed u ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Left Ventricular Non-compaction Cardiomyopathy	Left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) is a very rare congenital cardiomyopathy. It is a disease of endomyocardial trabeculations that increase in num ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Long QT Syndrome	The QT interval on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the duration of the ventricular action potential, and this physiologically correlates with th ... Read the Article	1	7	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Lown Ganong Levine Syndrome	Lown-Ganong-Levine (LGL) pattern is a rare pre-excitation pathway that may present on EKG in patients of various ages. Occasionally, tachyarrhythmias ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Lyme Carditis	Lyme carditis has been reported in 1% to 5% of diagnosed patients with Lyme disease. The most prominent manifestations are conduction system disturban ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Malignancy-Related Hypercalcemia	Hypercalcemia is a common metabolic abnormality seen in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Depending on the serum calcium levels, hypercalcemia i ... Read the Article	1	7	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Mexiletine	Mexiletine is largely used to suppress ventricular arrhythmias but also has a role in peripheral neuropathy and chronic pain, although the use for eit ... Read the Article	1	7	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Mitral Regurgitation	Mitral regurgitation (MR) is caused by the retrograde flow of blood from the left ventricle (LV) into the left atrium (LA) through the mitral valve (M ... Read the Article	1.25	11	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia	Multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT) is a supraventricular tachycardia resulting in a rapid, irregular atrial rhythm that is caused by multiple ectopic ... Read the Article	1	11	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Myotonic Dystrophy	Myotonic dystrophy is a rare progressive disorder that universally presents with weakness. In addition to musculoskeletal weakness, cardiac conduction ... Read the Article	1	9	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Nerve Agents	Nerve agents represent a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in toxicology and emergency medicine. Patients affected by nerve agents pr ... Read the Article	1	7	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Nonviral Myocarditis	Myocarditis is a significant cause of sudden death and nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, especially in the young. It has a very diverse and sometime ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Nortriptyline	Nortriptyline is indicated for use in the treatment of depression (FDA-approved). It can also be used off-label for conditions such as chronic pain, d ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Olmesartan	Olmesartan is a medication used in the management of hypertension. It is in the angiotensin receptor blocking (ARB) class of drugs. This activity revi ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Overdrive Pacing	Temporary cardiac pacing (TCP) is a type of exogenous cardiac pacing in which an external energy source that delivers electrical impulses to stimulate ... Read the Article	1	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Pacemaker	Pacemakers are adjustable artificial electrical pulse generators that can be temporary or permanent. They frequently emit a pulse lasting between 0.5 ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Pacemaker Indications	Pacemakers are electronic devices that stimulate the heart with electrical impulses to maintain or restore a functional heartbeat. Pacemakers were ini ... Read the Article	1	7	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Pacemaker Malfunction	Pacemakers are implanted in patients with rhythmic cardiac problems. These pacemakers can often malfunction and produce a set of symptoms that require ... Read the Article	1	7	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Pacemaker Mediated Tachycardia	Pacemaker mediated tachycardia is a type of arrhythmia that happens in patients with dual-chamber pacemakers due to reentry. Patients who develop this ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Pacemaker Syndrome	Pacemakers have become an established modality for long-term management of life-threatening arrhythmias and can significantly improve patients' qualit ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Palpitations	Palpitations are defined as rapid pulsations or abnormally rapid or irregular beating of the heart. They are often described as the perception of a sk ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation	Atrial fibrillation (AF) causes an irregularly irregular heart rhythm. AF is the most common sustained arrhythmia characterized by disorganized, rapid ... Read the Article	1	8	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia	Atrial tachycardia is a form of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) usually seen in patients with structural heart abnormalities but also seen in patie ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia	Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) describes a narrow complex tachycardia involving episodic supraventricular tachycardia with sudden onse ... Read the Article	1	8	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Pericarditis	Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardial sac and is the most common pathologic process involving the pericardium. Temporally, it may be further ... Read the Article	1.25	16	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Pharmacological Cardioversion	Cardioversion is the process of converting an abnormal and potentially dangerous heart rhythm into a normal sinus rhythm. The normal heart rate comes ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Postoperative Delirium	Post-operative delirium (POD) can occur from anywhere between 10 minutes after anesthesia up until discharge from the hospital. It is commonly recogni ... Read the Article	1	9	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Potassium	Potassium is an essential mineral constituent of the human body and is the chief cation found within the intracellular fluid of all cells. The chief i ... Read the Article	1	7	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Procedural Sedation	Procedural sedation permits the safe performance of procedures that a patient cannot tolerate in the fully conscious state. Through this activity, th ... Read the Article	1	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Pulmonic Regurgitation	Pulmonic regurgitation (PR) is most commonly seen secondary to various etiologies causing pulmonary hypertension. It also appears in post valvotomy pa ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia	Pulseless ventricular tachycardia is a serious condition with high mortality and morbidity that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. This activity ... Read the Article	1	8	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
QT Prolonging Drugs	The heart has an electrical system that allows it to contract in a rhythm. A key aspect of this electrical system is depolarization and repolarization ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Reentrant Arrhythmias	Reentrant arrhythmias are a diverse group of cardiac conduction defects that can manifest in a wide range of presentations. Proper diagnosis is crucia ... Read the Article	1	9	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Reentry Arrhythmia	A reentry arrhythmia is a self-sustaining cardiac rhythm abnormality in which the action potential propagates in a manner analogous to a closed-loop c ... Read the Article	1	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy	Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is characterized by diastolic dysfunction of a non-dilated ventricle. Multiple types of restrictive cardiomyopathies ... Read the Article	1	10	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Right Bundle Branch Block	Right bundle branch block (RBB) is an electrocardiogram finding resulting in a widened QRS and electrocardiographic vector changes. Although usually ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Right Ventricular Myocardial Infarction	Myocardial infarction occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart diminishes or stops altogether causing irreversible damage to the heart muscles. A ... Read the Article	1	10	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Sacubitril/Valsartan	Sacubitril/valsartan is the first agent to be approved in a new class of drugs called angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI). The medication ... Read the Article	1	7	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Sick Sinus Syndrome	Sick sinus syndrome, also known as sinus node dysfunction, is a disorder of the sinoatrial node caused by impaired pacemaker function and impulse tran ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Sinus Bradycardia	Sinus bradycardia is a cardiac rhythm with appropriate cardiac muscular depolarization initiating from the sinus node and a rate of fewer than 60 beat ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Sinus Node Dysfunction	Sinus node dysfunction is a disease that is characterized by the inability of the sinoatrial node of producing an adequate heart rate that meets the p ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Stress Echocardiography	Stress echocardiography constitutes the combination of two-dimensional echocardiography with physical, pharmacological, or less commonly, electrical p ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Stunned Myocardium	Prolonged severe reduction of coronary blood flow leads to myocardial necrosis, eventually seizing myocardial contractility irreversibly. However, whe ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Sudden Cardiac Death	Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is death due to a cardiovascular cause that occurs within one hour of the onset of symptoms. A sudden cardiac arrest occurs ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Sudden Death in Athletes	Sudden death in athletes has been a tragic occurrence in the fields of sports medicine, cardiology, primary care, and pediatrics. By far the most comm ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Supraventricular Tachycardia	Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a dysrhythmia originating at or above the atrioventricular (AV) node and is defined by a narrow complex (QRS &lt ... Read the Article	1.25	15	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Sympathomimetics	Sympathomimetics are a classification of medication used in the management and treatment of cardiovascular pathology, hypersensitivity, COPD, and glau ... Read the Article	1	9	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Synchronized Electrical Cardioversion	When tachycardic rhythms fail to respond to pharmacologic treatment, or present with or deteriorate into unstable manifestations, synchronized cardiov ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus	Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease with multisystem involvement and is associated with significant morbidity and mort ... Read the Article	1.25	13	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Third-Degree Atrioventricular Block	An atrioventricular block is a loss of the regular function of the cardiac electroconductive pathways linking the sinoatrial node (SA node) and the ve ... Read the Article	1.25	15	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Tilt Table	While there are multiple causes of syncope, many of these are neurally mediated. Some neurally mediated causes of syncope include vasovagal syncope, c ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Torsade de Pointes	Torsades de Pointes is a type of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia characterized on electrocardiogram by oscillatory changes in amplitude of the QRS ... Read the Article	1.25	14	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Ventricular Aneurysm	A left ventricular aneurysm is one of the worst complications after acute myocardial infarction. The natural course leading to the formation of a vent ... Read the Article	1	8	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Ventricular Fibrillation	Arrhythmias originating from the ventricular myocardium or His-Purkinje system are grouped under ventricular arrhythmia (VA). This includes a subset o ... Read the Article	1	9	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Ventricular Premature Complexes	Ventricular premature beats (VPBs), or premature ventricular complexes/contractions (PVCs), are ectopic beats that arise from within the ventricles. T ... Read the Article	1	10	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Ventricular Septal Defect	Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are the most common congenital cardiac anomaly in children and the second most common congenital abnormality in adul ... Read the Article	1	11	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Ventricular Tachycardia	Ventricular tachycardia is characterized as a wide complex tachyarrhythmia. It is classified by duration as non-sustained or sustained. Non-sustained ... Read the Article	1	11	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Wide QRS Complex Tachycardia	Wide complex tachycardia is a dysrhythmia with a long list of potential causes that ranges from various arrhythmias, structural heart abnormalities, e ... Read the Article	1	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome	Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome (WPW) is considered to be a congenital abnormality that involves the presence of abnormal electrical conductive circuit ... Read the Article	1.5	17	Activity MD/PA Activity DO

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Cardiology-Electrophysiology