Cardiology-Echocardiography

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Ehlers Danlos Syndrome

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a genetic disorder affecting collagen formation and function. It affects virtually every ...
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Endocarditis

Infective endocarditis is a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality in children and adolescents despite new advanta ...
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Mitral Valve Repair

Mitral valve repair is commonly used to treat mitral valve pathology due to mitral regurgitation. Mitral regurgitation ( ...
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Catheter Management Of Ventricular Septal Defect

Traditionally, ventricular septal defects (VSDs) have been closed with an open approach, but since then, a percutaneous ...
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Kawasaki Disease

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute, self-limited medium vessel vasculitis that has a predilection for the coronary arteri ...
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Marfan Syndrome

One of the most common inherited disorders affecting connective tissue, Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant c ...
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Cardiology-Echocardiography Activities

Title	Description	Hours	Questions
Acute Cardiac Tamponade	Cardiac tamponade occurs when excessive fluid accumulates in the pericardium, in turn compressing the heart and restricting the filling of the cardia ... Read the Article	1	7	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Acute Myocardial Infarction	Acute myocardial infarctions are one of the leading causes of death in the developed world, with prevalence approaching three million people worldwide ... Read the Article	1.75	25	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Acute Pulmonary Embolism	Acute pulmonary embolism is a common clinical condition with a variable clinical presentation, making its diagnosis challenging. This activity outline ... Read the Article	2	30	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Altitude Induced Pulmonary Hypertension	This activity describes the development of pulmonary hypertension due to high altitude. We describe a phenomenon known as HAPH (high altitude pulmonar ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Amyloidosis	Amyloidosis is a heterogeneous acquired or hereditary disease that results from the abnormal deposition of beta-sheet fibrillar protein aggregates in ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Aortic Regurgitation	Aortic regurgitation is the inadequate closure of the aortic valve during diastole that results in reverse blood flow through the aortic valve. This c ... Read the Article	1.5	20	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Aortic Valve Repair	Aortic valve repair is performed to treat aortic valve insufficiency with outcomes comparable to the valve replacement. When performed in a high volum ... Read the Article	1	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Arteriovenous Fistula	Arteriovenous fistulas are abnormal connections between arteries and veins. AVFs can be surgically created, can occur as a result of a congenital or g ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Atrial Myxoma	Myxomas are the most common primary cardiac tumor. It is estimated that more than 75% of myxomas originate in the left atrium either at the mitral ann ... Read the Article	1	12	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Bicuspid Aortic Valve	A bicuspid aortic valve is a common congenital heart defect in which the bicuspid aortic valve contains two cusps instead of the usual three. This lea ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Carbon Dioxide Embolism	Laparoscopic surgery has gained increasing popularity in clinical practice. As part of laparoscopic surgeries, gas insufflation is usually adopted to ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Cardiac Calcifications	Cardiac calcifications carry different diagnostic and prognostic significance depending on their location. They can involve the coronary arteries, car ... Read the Article	1	7	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Cardiac Rhabdomyoma	Cardiac rhabdomyoma is a rare tumor. It arises from the striated muscles. It is a type of hamartoma seen in the pediatric age group. Although mostly a ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Cardiac Stress Imaging	Cardiac stress imaging is a noninvasive modality used in evaluating coronary artery disease, myocardium viability, and exercise capacity. This activit ... Read the Article	1	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Cardiac Ultrasound	Cardiac ultrasound, or echocardiography, is a noninvasive diagnostic modality that can provide detailed hemodynamic information in a short period of t ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Cardioplegia	Cardioplegia serves to intentionally and temporarily arrest the heart for myocardial protection during cardiac surgery. This activity describes cardio ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Carnitine Deficiency	Carnitine deficiency is a condition characterized by low carnitine levels in the body. Carnitine deficiency could be primary (due to defect in carniti ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Carotidynia	Carotidynia, also known as Fay syndrome or TIPIC Syndrome, is a rare vascular disorder that presents with atypical pain in the face and neck area. The ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Catheter Management Of Coarctation	Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the aorta typically at the location of the ductus arteriosus distal to the left subclavian artery accountin ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Catheter Management Of Mitral Regurgitation	Mitral regurgitation (MR) is one of the most common valvular abnormalities. Medical management along with regular surveillance is the typical recommen ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Catheter Management Of Ventricular Septal Defect	Traditionally, ventricular septal defects (VSDs) have been closed with an open approach, but since then, a percutaneous transcatheter closure been dev ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Catheter Management Pulmonary Valvular Disorders	Transcatheter intervention for right ventricular outflow tract obstruction with balloon angioplasty and stent implantation was a remarkable advancemen ... Read the Article	1	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Central Venous Catheter	Central venous catheter insertion is a common and often, necessary procedure for the care of critically ill patients. Central venous access may be att ... Read the Article	1	8	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Chronic Total Occlusion Of The Coronary Artery	Chronic total occlusion (CTO) lesions are diagnosed in patients who are undergoing coronary angiography as part of the evaluation of ischemic heart di ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia	Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is a condition resulting from the herniation of abdominal contents into the thoracic cavity resulting in lung hypoplas ... Read the Article	1	11	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Constrictive Pericarditis	The pericardium is the fibroelastic sac that covers the heart. Besides acting as a protective barrier, it also affects cardiac hemodynamics. Constrict ... Read the Article	1	11	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Constrictive-Effusive Pericarditis	Constrictive pericarditis involves scarring and loss of elasticity of the pericardium surrounding the heart, leading to impaired filling. Effusive-con ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Cor Triatriatum	Cor triatriatum is a rare congenital heart defect in which a thin, fibromuscular membrane causes division of either the right or left atrium, resultin ... Read the Article	0.75	3	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Coronary Arteriovenous Fistula	Coronary arteriovenous fistula should be suspected in patients who present with unexplained heart failure, have continuous murmur on auscultation, and ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Coronary Artery Calcification	Arterial calcium development is closely related to vascular injury, inflammation, and repair. Calcification occurs very early in the process of athero ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Coronary Artery Fistula	Coronary artery fistulas are aberrant connections between coronary arteries and other structures, such as other branches of arteries or heart chambers ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Coronary Artery Surgery	Coronary artery surgery is performed because coronary artery disease remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Variations in technique a ... Read the Article	1	7	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Coronary Cameral Fistula	Coronary cameral fistula is an abnormal communication existing between a coronary artery and any cardiac chamber. It appears in less than 1% of the po ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
DeWinter Pattern	Acute coronary syndromes are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis has a central role, as to allow a timely reperfusion strategy. ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Double Aortic Arch	Double aortic arch is the commonest form of a group of defects that affect the development of the aorta. This defect causes an abnormal circular forma ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Double Chambered Right Ventricle	The double-chambered right ventricle was first described in the 19th century. It is now considered a distinctive anatomic entity; wherein there is a m ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Double Orifice Mitral Valve	Double orifice mitral valve (DOMV) is a rare, congenital, or acquired anomaly that is typically asymptomatic. With time, however, it may lead to mitra ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Dressler Syndrome	Dressler syndrome, also known as postmyocardial infarction syndrome, is a form of secondary pericarditis with or without pericardial effusion that occ ... Read the Article	1	10	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Drug Induced Valvular Heart Disease	Drug-induced valvular heart disease (DIVHD) is a condition involving changes in the morphology and functionality of valvular leaflets secondary to exp ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Ebstein Anomaly And Malformation	Ebstein anomaly of the tricuspid valve is a congenital malformation, in which there is downward displacement of insertion of septal and posterior leaf ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Echocardiogram	Cardiac echocardiography is a safe and non-invasive test that provides the clinical team with important cardiac function data. This functional data is ... Read the Article	1	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Ehlers Danlos Syndrome	Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a genetic disorder affecting collagen formation and function. It affects virtually every organ system, which can resul ... Read the Article	1	9	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Endocarditis	Infective endocarditis is a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality in children and adolescents despite new advantages in management and prophyla ... Read the Article	1	7	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Endomyocardial Fibrosis	Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is characterized by left and right ventricular endocardial fibrosis and resultant restrictive cardiomyopathy. EMF is rar ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Ewing Sarcoma	Ewing sarcoma is the second most common primary malignant bone tumor, mostly affecting adolescents in the second decade of their life, and it is a hig ... Read the Article	1	10	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
External Pacemaker	External pacing is one of the fastest methods for treating multiple types of conduction abnormalities. It can be applied in the hospital setting or by ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Heart Failure And Ejection Fraction	Heart failure (HF) is a common and potentially fatal disease if left untreated. This article aims to describe the different types of heart failure. It ... Read the Article	1.25	13	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Heart-Lung Transplantation	A heart-lung transplant is performed for unsalvagable dual cardiac and pulmonary failure. An organ transplant is an established life-saving therapy fo ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
High-Output Cardiac Failure	High-output cardiac failure is a less common form of heart failure, and although it may sound contradictory at first, in the simplest form, it is stil ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Hypertensive Heart Disease	Hypertensive heart disease refers to a constellation of changes in the left ventricle, left atrium and coronary arteries as a result of chronic blood ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy	Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), historically referred to as idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, is a relatively common disorde ... Read the Article	1	11	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Immersion Pulmonary Edema	Immersion pulmonary edema (IPE) is used as an umbrella term for scuba divers pulmonary edema (SDPE) and swimming-induced pulmonary edema (SIPE). Both ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Internal Mammary Artery Bypass	Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, and coronary artery bypass graft is considered the mainstay for the treatment of seve ... Read the Article	1.25	13	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Interventions In Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy	Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients can present with symptoms at any phase of life and may have an elevated risk of sudden cardiac death based on ris ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Interventricular Septum Abscess	An interventricular septal abscess is a life-threatening complication of infective endocarditis. It occurs as a consequence of either native or prosth ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Intraoperative Echocardiography	Although transesophageal ultrasound was first reported in the 1970s, the advent of phased array transducers and flexible transesophageal probes in the ... Read the Article	1	9	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Jugular Venous Distention	The jugular venous examination is a vital component of the cardiovascular exam. This activity outlines the identification and assessment of jugular ve ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Kawasaki Disease	Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute, self-limited medium vessel vasculitis that has a predilection for the coronary arteries. This activity reviews the ... Read the Article	1.5	17	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Lambls Excrescences	Lambl’s excrescences, a histological term describing rare cardiac growths that develop at the valvular coaptation sites of the heart which are seen as ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Left Atrial Enlargement	Left atrial enlargement (LAE) is an anatomic variation of the left atria and is a result of increased left atrial pressure for a prolonged period. Lef ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction	Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is the central measure of left ventricular systolic function. LVEF is the fraction of chamber volume ejected ... Read the Article	1	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Left Ventricular False Aneurysm	Left ventricular false aneurysm is a rare complication of myocardial rupture contained by non-myocardial tissue. The most common cause of a false aneu ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Left Ventricular Non-compaction Cardiomyopathy	Left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) is a very rare congenital cardiomyopathy. It is a disease of endomyocardial trabeculations that increase in num ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Loeffler Endocarditis	Loeffler endocarditis is restrictive cardiomyopathy, defined as an impaired relaxation of the heart with impaired diastolic filling. Diffuse eosinophi ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Lutembacher Syndrome	Lutembacher syndrome (LS) was first described in a letter by anatomist Johann Friedrich Meckel in 1750. Corvisart who later described the association ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Lyme Carditis	Lyme carditis has been reported in 1% to 5% of diagnosed patients with Lyme disease. The most prominent manifestations are conduction system disturban ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Marfan Syndrome	One of the most common inherited disorders affecting connective tissue, Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant condition with a reported incid ... Read the Article	1	10	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Mid-Ventricular Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy	Mid-ventricular Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a rare, reversible myocardial injury that presents with distinctive regional wall abnormalities of the lef ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Minimally Invasive Aortic Valve Surgery	Aortic valve replacement is the standard treatment for patients with severe or symptomatic aortic insufficiency or aortic stenosis. In the past, the s ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Mitral Regurgitation	Mitral regurgitation (MR) is caused by the retrograde flow of blood from the left ventricle (LV) into the left atrium (LA) through the mitral valve (M ... Read the Article	1.25	11	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Mitral Stenosis	Mitral stenosis (MS) is a form of valvular heart disease characterized by narrowing of the mitral valve orifice. The most common cause of mitral steno ... Read the Article	2	34	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Mitral Valve Insufficiency	This review article discusses clinical aspects of mitral regurgitation (MR), in terms of etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, management, and treatment ... Read the Article	1	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Mitral Valve Prolapse	Mitral valve prolapse (MVP), also known as floppy mitral valve syndrome, systolic click-murmur syndrome, and billowing mitral leaflets, is valvular he ... Read the Article	1	8	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Mitral Valve Repair	Mitral valve repair is commonly used to treat mitral valve pathology due to mitral regurgitation. Mitral regurgitation (MR) is classified as primary o ... Read the Article	1.25	11	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Multivessel Disease	Multivessel disease is defined as significant stenosis (>70%) in two or more major coronary arteries (of =2.5mm diameter). This article helps in under ... Read the Article	1	10	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a group of malignant neoplasms originating from the lymphoid tissues, mainly the lymph nodes. These tumors may result due to c ... Read the Article	1.25	10	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Nonviral Myocarditis	Myocarditis is a significant cause of sudden death and nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, especially in the young. It has a very diverse and sometime ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Pacemaker Indications	Pacemakers are electronic devices that stimulate the heart with electrical impulses to maintain or restore a functional heartbeat. Pacemakers were ini ... Read the Article	1	7	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Pacemaker Mediated Tachycardia	Pacemaker mediated tachycardia is a type of arrhythmia that happens in patients with dual-chamber pacemakers due to reentry. Patients who develop this ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Papillary Fibroelastoma	Papillary fibroelastomas are one of the most common types of primary cardiac tumors. They are increasingly recognized as the spatial resolution of ima ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Paradoxical Embolism	Paradoxical embolism is an uncommon cause for acute arterial occlusion. Paradoxical Embolism (PDE) occurs when a thrombus crosses an intracardiac def ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Pericardial Cyst	A pericardial cyst is typically considered a congenital anomaly, with most patients diagnosed via incidental findings on routine chest imaging. Rarely ... Read the Article	1	8	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Pericarditis	Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardial sac and is the most common pathologic process involving the pericardium. Temporally, it may be further ... Read the Article	1.25	16	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy	Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare cause of cardiomyopathy that occurs during late pregnancy or in the early postpartum period. It is characte ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Platypnea	Platypnea diagnosis and treatment are usually challenging and complex to health practitioners. This activity reviews the causes of Pltypnea, simplifie ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Presyncope	Presyncope or near-syncope is often ill-defined and may have different meanings to different providers but denotes near fainting or a prodrome of sync ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation (AVMs)	Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (AVMs) is a rare clinical problem in which abnormal communications develop between a pulmonary artery and a pulmo ... Read the Article	1	7	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Pulmonary Hypertension	Pulmonary hypertension encompasses a heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Patients ofte ... Read the Article	1	7	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Radiation Induced Coronary Artery Disease	Radiation-induced coronary artery disease (RICAD) is the second most common cause of morbidity and mortality in mainly oncology patients treated with ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Radionuclide Ventriculography	The radionuclide ventriculography (RNV) scan is a non-invasive way of assessing the ventricular function and intracardiac hemodynamics. It assesses th ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Relapsing Fever	Relapsing fever typically refers to malaria-like illnesses caused by various spirochetes belonging to Borrelia species and characterized by recurrent ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy	Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is characterized by diastolic dysfunction of a non-dilated ventricle. Multiple types of restrictive cardiomyopathies ... Read the Article	1	10	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Retrograde Cardioplegia	To ensure the protection of the heart during cardiopulmonary bypass, administration and even distribution of cardioplegia solution to the myocardium i ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Sinus Of Valsalva Aneurysm	A sinus of valsalva aneurysm (SOVA) is an abnormal dilatation of the aortic root located between the aortic valve annulus and the sinotubular junction ... Read the Article	0.75	4	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Stentless Autograft/Homograft Aortic Valve Replacement	Aortic valve replacement is indicated when aortic stenosis or regurgitation disturbs the flow of blood out of the heart. Homograft valve and pulmonary ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Stress Echocardiography	Stress echocardiography constitutes the combination of two-dimensional echocardiography with physical, pharmacological, or less commonly, electrical p ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Subaortic Stenosis	Subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS), also called subaortic stenosis, is a rare disorder seen in infants. In most cases, it involves the presence of a me ... Read the Article	1	10	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Synchronized Electrical Cardioversion	When tachycardic rhythms fail to respond to pharmacologic treatment, or present with or deteriorate into unstable manifestations, synchronized cardiov ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Tetralogy of Fallot	Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital anomaly resulting in pulmonary stenosis, an interventricular defect, biventricular aortal origin, and right ventri ... Read the Article	1	10	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Tonsillitis	Tonsillitis, or inflammation of the tonsils, is a common disease and makes up approximately 1.3% of outpatient visits. It is predominantly the result ... Read the Article	1.25	15	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Transcatheter Management of Left Ventricular Pseudoaneurysms	Left ventricular pseudoaneurysms (LVP) are very rare but commonly lethal complications that are secondary to myocardial infarctions, cardiac surgeries ... Read the Article	0.75	3	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Transesophageal Echocardiogram	Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) uses ultrasound waves to examine the heart and great vessels. There are four basic TEE rescue views that are al ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Transluminal Extraction Coronary Atherectomy	Transluminal coronary atherectomy is performed on heavily calcified and stubborn coronary lesions otherwise not amenable to a conventional percutaneou ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Tricuspid Valve Repair	Tricuspid valve repair is almost always performed due to tricuspid regurgitation and in conjunction with left-sided valve surgery or coronary artery b ... Read the Article	0.75	5	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Tuberous Sclerosis	Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder that affects multiple systems. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion and is characte ... Read the Article	2	34	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Vascular Aortic Arch Ring	Aortic arch anomalies can give rise to vascular rings, a rare vascular anomaly with significant health implications. This activity deals with underst ... Read the Article	0.75	6	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Ventricular Aneurysm	A left ventricular aneurysm is one of the worst complications after acute myocardial infarction. The natural course leading to the formation of a vent ... Read the Article	1	8	Activity MD/PA Activity DO
Ventricular Septal Defect	Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are the most common congenital cardiac anomaly in children and the second most common congenital abnormality in adul ... Read the Article	1	11	Activity MD/PA Activity DO

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Cardiology-Echocardiography