Ace The Cardiothoracic Surgery Clerkship Exam

The true beginning of the concept of a pacemaker began over 200 years ago. In the late 1700s, Luigi Galvani discovered that he could caus ...

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), abnormal focal dilation of the abdominal aorta, is a life-threatening condition that requires monitoring or treatm ...

Cardiac tumors are uncommon and can be primary or metastatic. Primary cardiac tumors are rare, and the incidence is from 0.001 to 0.3% by auto ...

The esophagus is a muscular tube that begins at the hypopharynx and ends at the stomach. The primary role of the esophagus is to transfer solids an ...

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAAs) are a relatively common pathology with a prevalence of 1.3% in patients over 50 years and an incidence in elderly ...

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is a rare X-linked disorder with a characteristic triad of immunodeficiency, thrombocytopenia, and eczema. It results from ...

Manganese (Mn) is an environmentally abundant essential metal required for numerous indispensable biochemical processes throughout the human body. ...

The mediastinum is contained within the thoracic cavity and has a high concentration of major vascular and visceral structures. Traumatic injury to ...

Erythema marginatum is reactive inflammatory erythema seen most commonly in association with acute rheumatic fever. Although a rare cutaneous manif ...

Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the aorta, most commonly occurring just beyond the left subclavian artery. However, it can occur in vari ...

Cardiac ultrasound, or echocardiography, is a noninvasive diagnostic modality that can provide detailed hemodynamic information in a short period a ...

Coronary anomalies of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) are very rare, with a frequency of less than 1% in the general population.

According to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), pain is defined as an unpleasant experience (sensory and/or emotional) rel ...

The role and utility of endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) in the work-up of cardiovascular diseases remains controversial, and the practice varies widely ...

Protamine is an FDA-approved drug for use in neutralizing the effect of unfractionated heparin.

Ebstein anomaly of the tricuspid valve is a congenital malformation, in which there is downward displacement of insertion of septal and posterior l ...

Peripheral vascular bypass (PVB) refers to the surgical revision of blood flow to restore perfusion distal to an occluded or otherwise disrupted ar ...

Aortic valve replacement is the standard treatment for patients with severe or symptomatic aortic insufficiency or aortic stenosis. In the past, th ...