[1]
Weiner DA, Cutler SS, Klein MD. Efficacy and safety of sustained-release diltiazem in stable angina pectoris. The American journal of cardiology. 1986 Jan 1:57(1):6-9
[PubMed PMID: 3510525]
[2]
Bishop J Jr, Akram G. Diltiazem Dosing Strategies in the Management of Atrial Fibrillation With Rapid Ventricular Rate. Cureus. 2021 Oct:13(10):e18829. doi: 10.7759/cureus.18829. Epub 2021 Oct 16
[PubMed PMID: 34804686]
[4]
Griffin N, Acheson AG, Jonas M, Scholefield JH. The role of topical diltiazem in the treatment of chronic anal fissures that have failed glyceryl trinitrate therapy. Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland. 2002 Nov:4(6):430-5
[PubMed PMID: 12790914]
[5]
Grossman E, Messerli FH. Calcium antagonists. Progress in cardiovascular diseases. 2004 Jul-Aug:47(1):34-57
[PubMed PMID: 15517514]
[6]
Mayeux JD, Pan IZ, Dechand J, Jacobs JA, Jones TL, McKellar SH, Beck E, Hatton ND, Ryan JJ. Management of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Current cardiovascular risk reports. 2021:15(1):2. doi: 10.1007/s12170-020-00663-3. Epub 2020 Nov 18
[PubMed PMID: 33224405]
[7]
Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, Gibbs S, Lang I, Torbicki A, Simonneau G, Peacock A, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Beghetti M, Ghofrani A, Gomez Sanchez MA, Hansmann G, Klepetko W, Lancellotti P, Matucci M, McDonagh T, Pierard LA, Trindade PT, Zompatori M, Hoeper M, ESC Scientific Document Group. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). European heart journal. 2016 Jan 1:37(1):67-119. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv317. Epub 2015 Aug 29
[PubMed PMID: 26320113]
[8]
Lanza GA, Maseri A. Coronary Artery Spasm. Current treatment options in cardiovascular medicine. 2000 Feb:2(1):83-90
[PubMed PMID: 11096513]
[9]
Means KN, Gentry AE, Nguyen TT. Intravenous Continuous Infusion vs. Oral Immediate-release Diltiazem for Acute Heart Rate Control. The western journal of emergency medicine. 2018 Mar:19(2):417-422. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2017.10.33832. Epub 2018 Feb 22
[PubMed PMID: 29560075]
[10]
Mircioiu C, Anuta V, Mircioiu I, Nicolescu A, Fotaki N. In Vitro-In Vivo Correlations Based on In Vitro Dissolution of Parent Drug Diltiazem and Pharmacokinetics of its Metabolite. Pharmaceutics. 2019 Jul 16:11(7):. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11070344. Epub 2019 Jul 16
[PubMed PMID: 31315287]
[11]
Knight JS, Birks M, Farouk R. Topical diltiazem ointment in the treatment of chronic anal fissure. The British journal of surgery. 2001 Apr:88(4):553-6
[PubMed PMID: 11298624]
[12]
Sajid MS, Whitehouse PA, Sains P, Baig MK. Systematic review of the use of topical diltiazem compared with glyceryltrinitrate for the nonoperative management of chronic anal fissure. Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland. 2013 Jan:15(1):19-26. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2012.03042.x. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 22487078]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[13]
Heck J, Groh A, Stichtenoth DO, Krause O. Proposal of a Tall Man Letter list for German-speaking countries. European journal of clinical pharmacology. 2021 Aug:77(8):1247-1249. doi: 10.1007/s00228-021-03091-3. Epub 2021 Jan 27
[PubMed PMID: 33501509]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[14]
Cheng CM, Salazar A, Amato MG, Lambert BL, Volk LA, Schiff GD. Using drug knowledgebase information to distinguish between look-alike-sound-alike drugs. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA. 2018 Jul 1:25(7):872-884. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocy043. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 29800453]
[15]
Regitz-Zagrosek V, Roos-Hesselink JW, Bauersachs J, Blomström-Lundqvist C, Cífková R, De Bonis M, Iung B, Johnson MR, Kintscher U, Kranke P, Lang IM, Morais J, Pieper PG, Presbitero P, Price S, Rosano GMC, Seeland U, Simoncini T, Swan L, Warnes CA, ESC Scientific Document Group. 2018 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy. European heart journal. 2018 Sep 7:39(34):3165-3241. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy340. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 30165544]
[17]
de la Sierra A. Mitigation of calcium channel blocker-related oedema in hypertension by antagonists of the renin-angiotensin system. Journal of human hypertension. 2009 Aug:23(8):503-11. doi: 10.1038/jhh.2008.157. Epub 2009 Jan 15
[PubMed PMID: 19148104]
[18]
Osmonov D, Erdinler I, Ozcan KS, Altay S, Turkkan C, Yildirim E, Hasdemir H, Alper AT, Cakmak N, Satilmis S, Gurkan K. Management of patients with drug-induced atrioventricular block. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE. 2012 Jul:35(7):804-10. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2012.03410.x. Epub 2012 Apr 24
[PubMed PMID: 22530749]
[19]
Fravel MA, Ernst M. Drug Interactions with Antihypertensives. Current hypertension reports. 2021 Mar 5:23(3):14. doi: 10.1007/s11906-021-01131-y. Epub 2021 Mar 5
[PubMed PMID: 33666764]
[20]
Kinoshita H, Taniguchi T, Nishiguchi M, Ouchi H, Minami T, Utsumi T, Motomura H, Tsuda T, Ohta T, Aoki S, Komeda M, Kamamoto T, Kubota A, Fuke C, Arao T, Miyazaki T, Hishida S. An autopsy case of combined drug intoxication involving verapamil, metoprolol and digoxin. Forensic science international. 2003 Apr 23:133(1-2):107-12
[PubMed PMID: 12742696]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[21]
Siegel JD, Ko CJ. Diltiazem-associated Photodistributed Hyperpigmentation. The Yale journal of biology and medicine. 2020 Mar:93(1):45-47
[PubMed PMID: 32226335]
[22]
Lu HT, Kam J, Nordin RB, Khelae SK, Wang JM, Choy CN, Lee CY. Beta-blocker use and risk of symptomatic bradyarrhythmias: a hospital-based case-control study. Journal of geriatric cardiology : JGC. 2016 Sep:13(9):749-759
[PubMed PMID: 27899939]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidence
[23]
Falconer N, Ryan M, Badman B, Carrington C. Death from diltiazem-ibrutinib interaction. Australian prescriber. 2021 Jun:44(3):107-108. doi: 10.18773/austprescr.2021.019. Epub 2021 Jun 1
[PubMed PMID: 34211249]
[24]
Pham P, Schmidt S, Lesko L, Lip GYH, Brown JD. Association of Oral Anticoagulants and Verapamil or Diltiazem With Adverse Bleeding Events in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation and Normal Kidney Function. JAMA network open. 2020 Apr 1:3(4):e203593. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3593. Epub 2020 Apr 1
[PubMed PMID: 32329770]
[25]
Al-Khatib SM, Stevenson WG, Ackerman MJ, Bryant WJ, Callans DJ, Curtis AB, Deal BJ, Dickfeld T, Field ME, Fonarow GC, Gillis AM, Granger CB, Hammill SC, Hlatky MA, Joglar JA, Kay GN, Matlock DD, Myerburg RJ, Page RL. 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2018 Sep 25:138(13):e272-e391. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000549. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 29084731]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[26]
January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, Calkins H, Cigarroa JE, Cleveland JC Jr, Conti JB, Ellinor PT, Ezekowitz MD, Field ME, Murray KT, Sacco RL, Stevenson WG, Tchou PJ, Tracy CM, Yancy CW, ACC/AHA Task Force Members. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2014 Dec 2:130(23):2071-104. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000040. Epub 2014 Mar 28
[PubMed PMID: 24682348]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[27]
Fey H, Jost M, Geise AT, Bertsch T, Christ M. [Cardiogenic shock after drug therapy for atrial fibrillation with tachycardia : Case report of an 89-year-old woman]. Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin. 2016 Jun:111(5):458-62. doi: 10.1007/s00063-015-0089-9. Epub 2015 Oct 6
[PubMed PMID: 26440099]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[28]
Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022 May 3:145(18):e895-e1032. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063. Epub 2022 Apr 1
[PubMed PMID: 35363499]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[29]
Milner E, Ainsworth M, Gleaton M, Bookstaver D. Assessment of Anti-Xa activity in patients receiving concomitant apixaban with strong p-glycoprotein inhibitors and statins. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics. 2022 May:47(5):668-675. doi: 10.1111/jcpt.13596. Epub 2022 Jan 15
[PubMed PMID: 35032137]
[30]
Levine M, Boyer EW, Pozner CN, Geib AJ, Thomsen T, Mick N, Thomas SH. Assessment of hyperglycemia after calcium channel blocker overdoses involving diltiazem or verapamil. Critical care medicine. 2007 Sep:35(9):2071-5
[PubMed PMID: 17855820]
[31]
Thanacoody R, Caravati EM, Troutman B, Höjer J, Benson B, Hoppu K, Erdman A, Bedry R, Mégarbane B. Position paper update: whole bowel irrigation for gastrointestinal decontamination of overdose patients. Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2015 Jan:53(1):5-12. doi: 10.3109/15563650.2014.989326. Epub 2014 Dec 16
[PubMed PMID: 25511637]
[32]
Isbister GK. Delayed asystolic cardiac arrest after diltiazem overdose; resuscitation with high dose intravenous calcium. Emergency medicine journal : EMJ. 2002 Jul:19(4):355-7
[PubMed PMID: 12101159]
[33]
Proano L, Chiang WK, Wang RY. Calcium channel blocker overdose. The American journal of emergency medicine. 1995 Jul:13(4):444-50
[PubMed PMID: 7605536]
[34]
Mahr NC, Valdes A, Lamas G. Use of glucagon for acute intravenous diltiazem toxicity. The American journal of cardiology. 1997 Jun 1:79(11):1570-1
[PubMed PMID: 9185662]
[35]
Greene SL, Gawarammana I, Wood DM, Jones AL, Dargan PI. Relative safety of hyperinsulinaemia/euglycaemia therapy in the management of calcium channel blocker overdose: a prospective observational study. Intensive care medicine. 2007 Nov:33(11):2019-24
[PubMed PMID: 17622512]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidence
[36]
Bologa C, Lionte C, Coman A, Sorodoc L. Lipid emulsion therapy in cardiodepressive syndrome after diltiazem overdose--case report. The American journal of emergency medicine. 2013 Jul:31(7):1154.e3-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2013.03.010. Epub 2013 May 16
[PubMed PMID: 23685061]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[38]
Durward A, Guerguerian AM, Lefebvre M, Shemie SD. Massive diltiazem overdose treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies. 2003 Jul:4(3):372-6
[PubMed PMID: 12831424]
[39]
Wong A, Hoffman RS, Walsh SJ, Roberts DM, Gosselin S, Bunchman TE, Kebede S, Lavergne V, Ghannoum M, EXTRIP workgroup. Extracorporeal treatment for calcium channel blocker poisoning: systematic review and recommendations from the EXTRIP workgroup. Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2021 May:59(5):361-375. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1870123. Epub 2021 Feb 8
[PubMed PMID: 33555964]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[40]
Levine M, Curry SC, Padilla-Jones A, Ruha AM. Critical care management of verapamil and diltiazem overdose with a focus on vasopressors: a 25-year experience at a single center. Annals of emergency medicine. 2013 Sep:62(3):252-8. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.03.018. Epub 2013 May 1
[PubMed PMID: 23642908]
[41]
Kim H, Kim HS, Ko H, Choi J, Cho NH. Analysis of inappropriate medication use and drug interactions in older people in South Korea
. International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2017 Nov:55(11):847-852. doi: 10.5414/CP202941. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 28853697]
[42]
Hanlon JT, Schmader KE, Boult C, Artz MB, Gross CR, Fillenbaum GG, Ruby CM, Garrard J. Use of inappropriate prescription drugs by older people. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2002 Jan:50(1):26-34
[PubMed PMID: 12028243]
[43]
Savage RD, Visentin JD, Bronskill SE, Wang X, Gruneir A, Giannakeas V, Guan J, Lam K, Luke MJ, Read SH, Stall NM, Wu W, Zhu L, Rochon PA, McCarthy LM. Evaluation of a Common Prescribing Cascade of Calcium Channel Blockers and Diuretics in Older Adults With Hypertension. JAMA internal medicine. 2020 May 1:180(5):643-651. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.7087. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 32091538]