[1]
Hunter MH, King DE. COPD: management of acute exacerbations and chronic stable disease. American family physician. 2001 Aug 15:64(4):603-12
[PubMed PMID: 11529259]
[2]
Armanian AM, Badiee Z, Afghari R, Salehimehr N, Hassanzade A, Sheikhzadeh S, Sharif Tehrani M, Rezvan G. Prophylactic aminophylline for prevention of apnea at higher-risk preterm neonates. Iranian Red Crescent medical journal. 2014 Aug:16(8):e12559. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.12559. Epub 2014 Aug 5
[PubMed PMID: 25389472]
[3]
Caruso MK, Roberts AT, Bissoon L, Self KS, Guillot TS, Greenway FL. An evaluation of mesotherapy solutions for inducing lipolysis and treating cellulite. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS. 2008 Nov:61(11):1321-4
[PubMed PMID: 17954040]
[4]
Terziyski K, Draganova A. Central Sleep Apnea with Cheyne-Stokes Breathing in Heart Failure - From Research to Clinical Practice and Beyond. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2018:1067():327-351. doi: 10.1007/5584_2018_146. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 29411336]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[5]
Rabe KF, Magnussen H, Dent G. Theophylline and selective PDE inhibitors as bronchodilators and smooth muscle relaxants. The European respiratory journal. 1995 Apr:8(4):637-42
[PubMed PMID: 7664866]
[6]
Dent G, Giembycz MA, Rabe KF, Wolf B, Barnes PJ, Magnussen H. Theophylline suppresses human alveolar macrophage respiratory burst through phosphodiesterase inhibition. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology. 1994 May:10(5):565-72
[PubMed PMID: 8179921]
[7]
Polosa R, Blackburn MR. Adenosine receptors as targets for therapeutic intervention in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Trends in pharmacological sciences. 2009 Oct:30(10):528-35. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2009.07.005. Epub 2009 Sep 15
[PubMed PMID: 19762093]
[8]
Mascali JJ, Cvietusa P, Negri J, Borish L. Anti-inflammatory effects of theophylline: modulation of cytokine production. Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1996 Jul:77(1):34-8
[PubMed PMID: 8705632]
[9]
Wanke T, Merkle M, Zifko U, Formanek D, Lahrmann H, Grisold W, Zwick H. The effect of aminophylline on the force-length characteristics of the diaphragm. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 1994 Jun:149(6):1545-9
[PubMed PMID: 8004311]
[10]
Mattikow MS. Aminophylline improves diaphragmatic contractility. The New England journal of medicine. 1981 Nov 26:305(22):1349-50
[PubMed PMID: 7290162]
[11]
To Y, Ito K, Kizawa Y, Failla M, Ito M, Kusama T, Elliott WM, Hogg JC, Adcock IM, Barnes PJ. Targeting phosphoinositide-3-kinase-delta with theophylline reverses corticosteroid insensitivity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2010 Oct 1:182(7):897-904. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200906-0937OC. Epub 2010 Mar 11
[PubMed PMID: 20224070]
[12]
Ranjani R, Vinotha ATS. A prospective randomized controlled study: Theophylline on oxidative stress and steroid sensitivity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. International journal of pharmaceutical investigation. 2017 Jul-Sep:7(3):119-124. doi: 10.4103/jphi.JPHI_58_17. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 29184823]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[13]
Cosio BG, Tsaprouni L, Ito K, Jazrawi E, Adcock IM, Barnes PJ. Theophylline restores histone deacetylase activity and steroid responses in COPD macrophages. The Journal of experimental medicine. 2004 Sep 6:200(5):689-95
[PubMed PMID: 15337792]
[14]
Wei G, Sun R, Xu T, Kong S, Zhang S. Aminophylline promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in human pulmonary bronchial epithelial cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2019 Jul 12:515(1):31-36. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.013. Epub 2019 May 20
[PubMed PMID: 31122698]
[15]
Kroon LA. Drug interactions with smoking. American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2007 Sep 15:64(18):1917-21
[PubMed PMID: 17823102]
[16]
Chrystyn H, Mulley BA, Peake MD. Dose response relation to oral theophylline in severe chronic obstructive airways disease. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 1988 Dec 10:297(6662):1506-10
[PubMed PMID: 3147048]
[17]
Rusinowicz T, Zielonka TM, Zycinska K. Cardiac Arrhythmias in Patients with Exacerbation of COPD. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2017:1022():53-62. doi: 10.1007/5584_2017_41. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 28573445]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[18]
Schwartz M, Rodman D, Lowenstein SR. Recognition and treatment of multifocal atrial tachycardia: a critical review. The Journal of emergency medicine. 1994 May-Jun:12(3):353-60
[PubMed PMID: 8040593]
[19]
Mahemuti G, Zhang H, Li J, Tieliwaerdi N, Ren L. Efficacy and side effects of intravenous theophylline in acute asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug design, development and therapy. 2018:12():99-120. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S156509. Epub 2018 Jan 10
[PubMed PMID: 29391776]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[21]
Zeidman A, Gardyn J, Fradin Z, Fink G, Mittelman M. [Therapeutic and toxic theophylline levels in asthma attacks--is there a need for additional theophylline?]. Harefuah. 1997 Jul:133(1-2):3-5, 80
[PubMed PMID: 9332046]
[22]
Teweleit S, Hippius M, Pfeifer R, Hoffmann A. [Rhabdomyolysis as a rare complication of theophylline poisoning]. Medizinische Klinik (Munich, Germany : 1983). 2001 Jan 15:96(1):40-4
[PubMed PMID: 11210488]
[23]
Kopacz P, Kula K. Lethal poisoning with theophylline in the form of rectally administered tablets. Archiwum medycyny sadowej i kryminologii. 2014:64(3):158-64
[PubMed PMID: 25693173]
[24]
Berlinger WG, Spector R, Goldberg MJ, Johnson GF, Quee CK, Berg MJ. Enhancement of theophylline clearance by oral activated charcoal. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 1983 Mar:33(3):351-4
[PubMed PMID: 6337763]
[25]
Shannon MW. Comparative efficacy of hemodialysis and hemoperfusion in severe theophylline intoxication. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 1997 Jul:4(7):674-8
[PubMed PMID: 9223689]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidence
[26]
Mauer Y, Taliercio RM. Managing adult asthma: The 2019 GINA guidelines. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine. 2020 Aug 31:87(9):569-575. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.87a.19136. Epub 2020 Aug 31
[PubMed PMID: 32868307]