[1]
Beverly J, Budoff MJ. Use of Coronary Computed Tomography for Calcium Screening of Atherosclerosis. Heart international. 2020:14(2):76-79. doi: 10.17925/HI.2020.14.2.76. Epub 2020 Dec 17
[PubMed PMID: 36276503]
[2]
Demer LL, Tintut Y. Vascular calcification: pathobiology of a multifaceted disease. Circulation. 2008 Jun 3:117(22):2938-48. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.743161. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 18519861]
[3]
Jinnouchi H, Sato Y, Sakamoto A, Cornelissen A, Mori M, Kawakami R, Gadhoke NV, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R, Finn AV. Calcium deposition within coronary atherosclerotic lesion: Implications for plaque stability. Atherosclerosis. 2020 Aug:306():85-95. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.05.017. Epub 2020 Jun 14
[PubMed PMID: 32654790]
[4]
Mori H, Torii S, Kutyna M, Sakamoto A, Finn AV, Virmani R. Coronary Artery Calcification and its Progression: What Does it Really Mean? JACC. Cardiovascular imaging. 2018 Jan:11(1):127-142. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.10.012. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 29301708]
[5]
Burke AP, Weber DK, Kolodgie FD, Farb A, Taylor AJ, Virmani R. Pathophysiology of calcium deposition in coronary arteries. Herz. 2001 Jun:26(4):239-44
[PubMed PMID: 11479935]
[6]
Burke AP, Farb A, Malcom G, Virmani R. Effect of menopause on plaque morphologic characteristics in coronary atherosclerosis. American heart journal. 2001 Feb:141(2 Suppl):S58-62
[PubMed PMID: 11174360]
[7]
Bild DE, Detrano R, Peterson D, Guerci A, Liu K, Shahar E, Ouyang P, Jackson S, Saad MF. Ethnic differences in coronary calcification: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation. 2005 Mar 15:111(10):1313-20
[PubMed PMID: 15769774]
[8]
Carson AP, Steffes MW, Carr JJ, Kim Y, Gross MD, Carnethon MR, Reis JP, Loria CM, Jacobs DR Jr, Lewis CE. Hemoglobin a1c and the progression of coronary artery calcification among adults without diabetes. Diabetes care. 2015 Jan:38(1):66-71. doi: 10.2337/dc14-0360. Epub 2014 Oct 16
[PubMed PMID: 25325881]
[9]
Vervloet M, Cozzolino M. Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: different bricks in the wall? Kidney international. 2017 Apr:91(4):808-817. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.09.024. Epub 2016 Nov 30
[PubMed PMID: 27914706]
[10]
Lemanowicz A, Białecki M, Leszczyński W, Hawrył M. Coronary age, based on coronary calcium measurement, is increased in patients with morbid obesity. Polish journal of radiology. 2018:83():e415-e420. doi: 10.5114/pjr.2018.78624. Epub 2018 Sep 5
[PubMed PMID: 30655919]
[11]
Kowall B, Lehmann N, Mahabadi AA, Moebus S, Erbel R, Jöckel KH, Stang A. Associations of metabolically healthy obesity with prevalence and progression of coronary artery calcification: Results from the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Cohort Study. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD. 2019 Mar:29(3):228-235. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.11.002. Epub 2018 Nov 15
[PubMed PMID: 30648599]
[12]
Gheorghe AG, Jacobsen C, Thomsen R, Linnet K, Lynnerup N, Andersen CB, Fuchs A, Kofoed KF, Banner J. Coronary artery CT calcium score assessed by direct calcium quantification using atomic absorption spectroscopy and compared to macroscopic and histological assessments. International journal of legal medicine. 2019 Sep:133(5):1485-1496. doi: 10.1007/s00414-018-01998-8. Epub 2019 Jan 4
[PubMed PMID: 30610447]
[13]
Wexler L, Brundage B, Crouse J, Detrano R, Fuster V, Maddahi J, Rumberger J, Stanford W, White R, Taubert K. Coronary artery calcification: pathophysiology, epidemiology, imaging methods, and clinical implications. A statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association. Writing Group. Circulation. 1996 Sep 1:94(5):1175-92
[PubMed PMID: 8790070]
[14]
Serruys PW, Hara H, Garg S, Kawashima H, Nørgaard BL, Dweck MR, Bax JJ, Knuuti J, Nieman K, Leipsic JA, Mushtaq S, Andreini D, Onuma Y. Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography for Complete Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2021 Aug 17:78(7):713-736. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.06.019. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 34384554]
[15]
Lembcke A, Hein PA, Dohmen PM, Klessen C, Wiese TH, Hoffmann U, Hamm B, Enzweiler CN. Pictorial review: electron beam computed tomography and multislice spiral computed tomography for cardiac imaging. European journal of radiology. 2006 Mar:57(3):356-67
[PubMed PMID: 16427236]
[16]
Disthabanchong S, Boongird S. Role of different imaging modalities of vascular calcification in predicting outcomes in chronic kidney disease. World journal of nephrology. 2017 May 6:6(3):100-110. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v6.i3.100. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 28540199]
[17]
Hecht HS, Cronin P, Blaha MJ, Budoff MJ, Kazerooni EA, Narula J, Yankelevitz D, Abbara S. 2016 SCCT/STR guidelines for coronary artery calcium scoring of noncontrast noncardiac chest CT scans: A report of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography and Society of Thoracic Radiology. Journal of cardiovascular computed tomography. 2017 Jan-Feb:11(1):74-84. doi: 10.1016/j.jcct.2016.11.003. Epub 2016 Nov 10
[PubMed PMID: 27916431]
[18]
Nasir K, Cainzos-Achirica M. Role of coronary artery calcium score in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2021 May 4:373():n776. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n776. Epub 2021 May 4
[PubMed PMID: 33947652]
[19]
Chen Y, Hu Z, Li M, Jia Y, He T, Liu Z, Wei D, Yu Y. Comparison of Nongated Chest CT and Dedicated Calcium Scoring CT for Coronary Calcium Quantification Using a 256-Dector Row CT Scanner. Academic radiology. 2019 Oct:26(10):e267-e274. doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2018.12.005. Epub 2019 Jan 23
[PubMed PMID: 30685312]
[20]
Sharma SK, Bolduan RW, Patel MR, Martinsen BJ, Azemi T, Giugliano G, Resar JR, Mehran R, Cohen DJ, Popma JJ, Waksman R. Impact of calcification on percutaneous coronary intervention: MACE-Trial 1-year results. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 2019 Aug 1:94(2):187-194. doi: 10.1002/ccd.28099. Epub 2019 Jan 25
[PubMed PMID: 30681262]
[21]
Williams MC, Moss AJ, Dweck M, Adamson PD, Alam S, Hunter A, Shah ASV, Pawade T, Weir-McCall JR, Roditi G, van Beek EJR, Newby DE, Nicol ED. Coronary Artery Plaque Characteristics Associated With Adverse Outcomes in the SCOT-HEART Study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2019 Jan 29:73(3):291-301. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.066. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 30678759]
[22]
Fordyce CB, Newby DE, Douglas PS. Diagnostic Strategies for the Evaluation of Chest Pain: Clinical Implications From SCOT-HEART and PROMISE. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2016 Feb 23:67(7):843-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.11.055. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 26892420]
[23]
Sharma A, Coles A, Sekaran NK, Pagidipati NJ, Lu MT, Mark DB, Lee KL, Al-Khalidi HR, Hoffmann U, Douglas PS. Stress Testing Versus CT Angiography in Patients With Diabetes and Suspected Coronary Artery Disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2019 Mar 5:73(8):893-902. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.056. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 30819356]
[24]
Ferencik M, Mayrhofer T, Bittner DO, Emami H, Puchner SB, Lu MT, Meyersohn NM, Ivanov AV, Adami EC, Patel MR, Mark DB, Udelson JE, Lee KL, Douglas PS, Hoffmann U. Use of High-Risk Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque Detection for Risk Stratification of Patients With Stable Chest Pain: A Secondary Analysis of the PROMISE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA cardiology. 2018 Feb 1:3(2):144-152. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2017.4973. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 29322167]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[25]
Taron J, Lyass A, Mahoney TF, Ehrbar RQ, Vasan RS, D'Agostino RB Sr, Hoffmann U, Massaro JM, Lu MT. Coronary Artery Calcium Score-Directed Primary Prevention With Statins on the Basis of the 2018 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/Multisociety Cholesterol Guidelines. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2021 Jan 5:10(1):e018342. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.018342. Epub 2020 Dec 22
[PubMed PMID: 33348999]
[26]
Cainzos-Achirica M, Miedema MD, McEvoy JW, Al Rifai M, Greenland P, Dardari Z, Budoff M, Blumenthal RS, Yeboah J, Duprez DA, Mortensen MB, Dzaye O, Hong J, Nasir K, Blaha MJ. Coronary Artery Calcium for Personalized Allocation of Aspirin in Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in 2019: The MESA Study (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). Circulation. 2020 May 12:141(19):1541-1553. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.045010. Epub 2020 Apr 1
[PubMed PMID: 32233663]
[27]
Hill JM, Kereiakes DJ, Shlofmitz RA, Klein AJ, Riley RF, Price MJ, Herrmann HC, Bachinsky W, Waksman R, Stone GW, Disrupt CAD III Investigators. Intravascular Lithotripsy for Treatment of Severely Calcified Coronary Artery Disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2020 Dec 1:76(22):2635-2646. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.09.603. Epub 2020 Oct 15
[PubMed PMID: 33069849]
[28]
Shavadia JS, Vo MN, Bainey KR. Challenges With Severe Coronary Artery Calcification in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Narrative Review of Therapeutic Options. The Canadian journal of cardiology. 2018 Dec:34(12):1564-1572. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2018.07.482. Epub 2018 Aug 14
[PubMed PMID: 30527144]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[29]
Cano-Megías M, Bouarich H, Guisado-Vasco P, Pérez Fernández M, de Arriba-de la Fuente G, Álvarez-Sanz C, Rodríguez-Puyol D. Coronary artery calcification in patients with diabetes mellitus and advanced chronic kidney disease. Endocrinologia, diabetes y nutricion. 2019 May:66(5):297-304. doi: 10.1016/j.endinu.2018.09.003. Epub 2018 Nov 30
[PubMed PMID: 30509882]
[30]
Guo J, Nunley KA, Costacou T, Miller RG, Rosano C, Edmundowicz D, Orchard TJ. Greater progression of coronary artery calcification is associated with clinically relevant cognitive impairment in type 1 diabetes. Atherosclerosis. 2019 Jan:280():58-65. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.11.003. Epub 2018 Nov 8
[PubMed PMID: 30471556]