Continuing Education Activity
Intra-abdominal adhesions are commonly formed after surgery, but can also be congenital. They are the most common cause of bowel obstruction. The majority of these obstructions will improve with conservative treatment, but some will require surgical intervention and adhesiolysis to relieve the obstruction. This activity describes the indications and contraindications for performing adhesiolysis and the methods for performing the procedure as well as post-surgical care.
Objectives:
- Identify the etiology of adhesion formation after abdominal surgery.
- Summarize the treatment of adhesions in the setting of bowel obstruction.
- Review ways in which to prevent further adhesion formation.
- Outline how various members of the healthcare team are important to the care of patients with intra-abdominal adhesions.
Introduction
Adhesions are fibrous tissue connections (adherence tissues) between various tissue planes or organs usually caused by inflammatory causes, most commonly surgery. Fibrin deposition leads to fibrous connections between organs or tissues. These adhesions are part of the internal healing process and inflammatory reactions. They participate in the body's defense mechanisms against the causes of inflammation (physical, chemical, infections, etc.).
Adhesions can occur in any organ or part of the body, e.g., abdomen, pelvis, thorax, intraocular space, joint spaces. Depending on the cause and location of adhesions, they can be beneficial (in tissue healing) or harmful (causing complications). They can cause chronic pain, infertility, bowel obstruction, or diminished range of joint range of motion, for example. Intra-abdominal and pelvic adhesions and adhesiolysis are by far the most common of all adhesions; therefore, they will be the focus of this article.
Abdominal adhesions form after any surgery or inflammatory cause, including trauma or bleeding. The most common known cause of adhesions is surgery, especially open procedures. They heal, seal, and repair sites of injury and inflammation to protect and limit further damage. But, the formation of adhesions is not without unfavorable consequences. Bowel obstruction is a common complication of post-operative adhesions. Occasional, this mandates surgical adhesiolysis - lysing cutting the adhesions to resolve the obstruction. Adhesiolysis is performed much less frequently for other reasons like pain or compression of other structures.
Anatomy and Physiology
Adhesions are fibrous tissues that develop inside and between organs and structures after inflammation or stimulation. They go through different phases, similar to the normal wound healing process. In the initial phase, they are friable edematous—inflammation results in an exudation of fibrinogen, which in turn cleaves into fibrin. The fibrin then binds with fibronectin and formes a temporary wound bed.[1]
On maturing, the fibrous tissue shrink and attain strength, taking the form of mature fibrous tissue in about six weeks. Management (if any) depends on the etiology, the location, and the associated symptoms. Surgical lysing of the adhesions is called adhesiolysis. It involves cutting across and releasing the adhesions bands to alleviate their unfavorable effect.
Indications
The indications of adhesiolysis depend on several factors. Most of the time, it accompanies other primary procedures. Pur adhesiolysis procedure is not frequently don. Care is necessary to avoid adhesiolysis when there is not a clear indication. Adhesion will redevelop shortly after the adhesiolysis. It may not be to the same extent or configuration, but the re-development of adhesions is reality. Therefore, it is prudent to consider adhesiolysis only when indicated.
The following are known clinical scenarios to perform adhesiolysis:
- Bowel obstruction; this is by far the most common reason to perform adhesiolysis.
- Entrapment of structures, e.g., nerves, ureter, blood vessel, etc
- Unexplained abdominal or pelvic pain. This condition is a weak indication. Adhesiolysis should not be offered to patients until all the exhaustion of other causes of abdominal or pelvic pain. The patients realize that the chance of improving the pain with adhesiolysis is not high.
- Improving fertility; on a few occasions, adhesions might cause infertility. Adhesiolysis might be considered in these situations when it is potentially helpful.
- Other less specific indications including adhesiolysis around structures in preparation for another procedure, e.g., hernia repair.
Preventing adhesions might be an effective intervention to avoid and eliminate the need for adhesiolysis. Preventing adhesions after surgery has been the topic of many experiments and researches.[2] Seprafilm is the only product that proves some benefit to minimize adhesions after surgery. Other preventative measures like non-traumatic surgery, delicate manipulation of tissues, prevention of contamination, adequate hemostasis, and the use of non-irritant materials are important to consider. One significant advantage of minimally invasive surgery is that is results in fewer adhesions than the open approach.
Contraindications
Adhesions secondary to radiation therapy are usually denser and blended with the normal tissue. The associated vasculitis makes adhesiolysis more challenging. Planes may not be easily identifiable. Injuries of normal tissue may not be tolerated well due to impaired healing of the radiated tissue.
Operating on fibrinous acute adhesions within the first 2 or 3 weeks of surgery imposes a significant risk of normal tissue distortion and multiple perforations of the gastrointestinal tract.
Adhesions secondary to malignancies typically have to be resected en-bloc, due to the high chance of local malignant invasion.
Equipment
Laparoscopic and robotic approaches are the preferred options for adhesiolysis.[3] A minimally invasive approach reduces the formation of future adhesion, minimizes pain, and length of stay. It is crucial to take extra care with entry into the abdominal cavity, as there are often several dilated loops of small bowel and adherent structures to the abdominal wall that can be easily injured. Using an open technique to obtain the first laparoscopic port is prudent, especially when expecting excessive adhesions.
Adhesiolysis is typically done with sharp dissection using scissors with or without an energy source. Hook electrocautery is more common in the minimally invasive approach. Caution is essential to avoid the lateral spread of thermal effects. More recently, bipolar electrosurgical devices such as Ligasure or Ultrasonic shearing devices such as Harmonic scalpel have been used efficiently with less blood loss and faster operating times. It is crucial to avoid deviating from the normal planes and creating new planes using these devices. Clips or ties (in the open approach) may be necessary to tie vessels. Serosal tears of the bowel or capsular injuries require individual attention to achieve hemostasis and maintain the integrity of the organs. Seprafil is occasionally used to minimize adhesions development. It is a bioabsorbable membrane made of hyaluronic acid and carboxymethylcellulose.[4]
In several studies, chemically modified sodium hyaluronate/carboxymethylcellulose absorbable adhesion barrier is safe and aid in decreasing the incidence and severity of future adhesions.[5] It is not commonly used in practice, though. The introduction and general use of the minimally invasive approach reduced adhesions development significantly.
Technique or Treatment
The minimally invasive approach provided great advantage to visualizing and accessing multiple parts of the abdominal cavity with minimal tissue disruption and incision size.
Access to the abdominal cavity should be in a virgin area least likely to have adhesions and organs, usually the left upper quadrant. After accessing the abdominal cavity, enough safe place should be created for the rest of the ports by lysing the easy and close adhesions. Adhesiolysis requires a specific reason to avoid risking inuring normal tissue. In cases of small bowel obstruction, the surgeon examines the small bowel from the ileocecal valve area proceeding proximally until identifying the transition zone of obstruction. When the bowel obstruction is released, the rest of the bowel requires assessment with minimal interruption. Excessive adhesiolysis is not the recommended approach. Hemostasis is necessary upon finishing the procedure.
Complications
Inadvertent bowel injury can occur in up to 10 percent of patients undergoing adhesiolysis.[6] These injuries can allow intestinal contents to leak into the operative field and lead to an intra-abdominal abscesses or surgical site infection. These complications can lead to more extended hospital stays, an increase in the cost of care and an increase in the overall morbidity and mortality of the patient. Early or intraoperative identification of any complication is crucial.
As with any other post-operative patient, post-adhesiolysis patients are prone to common post-operative complications such as deep vein thrombosis, atelectasis, surgical site infections, and urinary tract infections. It is essential to monitor all these possible complications and manage these patients with appropriate prophylactic measures such as incentive spirometry, DVT prophylaxis, and removal of foley catheters when appropriate.
Clinical Significance
Adhesions and their complications are a significant burden on the healthcare system. Estimates are that there are three hundred thousand hospitalizations per year in the United States; this costs approximately 1.3 billion dollars every year in the workup and management of adhesive small bowel disease.[7] For these reasons, it is essential for healthcare workers to know and understand the concept and management of adhesions, which involve nonoperative management, adhesiolysis (only when indicated), and post-operative care.
Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes
Intraabdominal adhesions are a widespread problem in the Western world and lead to several hundred thousand hospital admissions when associated with complications. Surgical intervention might be necessary for some instances. Many members of the healthcare team are crucial to caring for these patients. Different physician specialties will care for these patients, including surgeons, anesthesiologists, primary care, emergency department, and radiology all will see patients with adhesive small bowel disease requiring adhesiolysis. Other members of the health care team, including pharmacists, nurses, and aides, will also be caring for these patients and need to understand the workup and treatment of these patients.[8] [Level 4]
Nursing, Allied Health, and Interprofessional Team Monitoring
Routine postoperative care and monitoring are required to minimize complications, enhance recovery, and optimize outcomes. Extra care and observation are necessary for complicated procedures and comorbid patients.
Adhesiolysis