[1]
Turrentine FE,Wang H,Simpson VB,Jones RS, Surgical risk factors, morbidity, and mortality in elderly patients. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2006 Dec;
[PubMed PMID: 17116555]
[4]
Das S,Forrest K,Howell S, General anaesthesia in elderly patients with cardiovascular disorders: choice of anaesthetic agent. Drugs
[PubMed PMID: 20359259]
[5]
Rooke GA, Cardiovascular aging and anesthetic implications. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia. 2003 Aug;
[PubMed PMID: 12968244]
[6]
Braghiroli KS,Braz JRC,Rocha B,El Dib R,Corrente JE,Braz MG,Braz LG, Perioperative and anesthesia-related cardiac arrests in geriatric patients: a systematic review using meta-regression analysis. Scientific reports. 2017 Jun 1;
[PubMed PMID: 28572583]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[7]
Madhavan MV,Gersh BJ,Alexander KP,Granger CB,Stone GW, Coronary Artery Disease in Patients ≥80 Years of Age. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018 May 8;
[PubMed PMID: 29724356]
[8]
Psaty BM,Furberg CD,Kuller LH,Bild DE,Rautaharju PM,Polak JF,Bovill E,Gottdiener JS, Traditional risk factors and subclinical disease measures as predictors of first myocardial infarction in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Archives of internal medicine. 1999 Jun 28;
[PubMed PMID: 10386510]
[9]
Phillip B,Pastor D,Bellows W,Leung JM, The prevalence of preoperative diastolic filling abnormalities in geriatric surgical patients. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2003 Nov;
[PubMed PMID: 14570626]
[10]
Groban L, Diastolic dysfunction in the older heart. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia. 2005 Apr;
[PubMed PMID: 15868536]
[11]
Groban L,Butterworth J, Perioperative management of chronic heart failure. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2006 Sep;
[PubMed PMID: 16931661]
[12]
Samarendra P,Mangione MP, Aortic stenosis and perioperative risk with noncardiac surgery. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2015 Jan 27;
[PubMed PMID: 25614427]
[13]
Lindroos M,Kupari M,Heikkilä J,Tilvis R, Prevalence of aortic valve abnormalities in the elderly: an echocardiographic study of a random population sample. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1993 Apr;
[PubMed PMID: 8459080]
[14]
Go AS,Hylek EM,Phillips KA,Chang Y,Henault LE,Selby JV,Singer DE, Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA. 2001 May 9;
[PubMed PMID: 11343485]
[15]
Curtis AB,Karki R,Hattoum A,Sharma UC, Arrhythmias in Patients ≥80 Years of Age: Pathophysiology, Management, and Outcomes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018 May 8;
[PubMed PMID: 29724357]
[16]
Svennberg E,Engdahl J,Al-Khalili F,Friberg L,Frykman V,Rosenqvist M, Mass Screening for Untreated Atrial Fibrillation: The STROKESTOP Study. Circulation. 2015 Jun 23;
[PubMed PMID: 25910800]
[17]
Smetana GW,Lawrence VA,Cornell JE,American College of Physicians., Preoperative pulmonary risk stratification for noncardiothoracic surgery: systematic review for the American College of Physicians. Annals of internal medicine. 2006 Apr 18;
[PubMed PMID: 16618956]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[18]
Hedenstierna G,Tokics L,Scaramuzzo G,Rothen HU,Edmark L,Öhrvik J, Oxygenation Impairment during Anesthesia: Influence of Age and Body Weight. Anesthesiology. 2019 Jul;
[PubMed PMID: 31045901]
[19]
Irwin MG,Ip KY,Hui YM, Anaesthetic considerations in nonagenarians and centenarians. Current opinion in anaesthesiology. 2019 Dec;
[PubMed PMID: 31464696]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[20]
Tran D,Rajwani K,Berlin DA, Pulmonary effects of aging. Current opinion in anaesthesiology. 2018 Feb;
[PubMed PMID: 29176377]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[21]
Ramly E,Kaafarani HM,Velmahos GC, The effect of aging on pulmonary function: implications for monitoring and support of the surgical and trauma patient. The Surgical clinics of North America. 2015 Feb;
[PubMed PMID: 25459542]
[22]
Adesanya AO,Lee W,Greilich NB,Joshi GP, Perioperative management of obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 2010 Dec;
[PubMed PMID: 21138886]
[23]
Mangoni AA,Jackson SH, Age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: basic principles and practical applications. British journal of clinical pharmacology. 2004 Jan;
[PubMed PMID: 14678335]
[24]
Prince M,Bryce R,Albanese E,Wimo A,Ribeiro W,Ferri CP, The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Alzheimer's
[PubMed PMID: 23305823]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[25]
van Beek AH,Claassen JA,Rikkert MG,Jansen RW, Cerebral autoregulation: an overview of current concepts and methodology with special focus on the elderly. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 2008 Jun;
[PubMed PMID: 18349877]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[26]
Schlanger LE,Bailey JL,Sands JM, Electrolytes in the aging. Advances in chronic kidney disease. 2010 Jul;
[PubMed PMID: 20610358]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[27]
Esposito C,Plati A,Mazzullo T,Fasoli G,De Mauri A,Grosjean F,Mangione F,Castoldi F,Serpieri N,Cornacchia F,Dal Canton A, Renal function and functional reserve in healthy elderly individuals. Journal of nephrology. 2007 Sep-Oct;
[PubMed PMID: 17918149]
[28]
Akhtar S, Pharmacological considerations in the elderly. Current opinion in anaesthesiology. 2018 Feb;
[PubMed PMID: 29189287]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[29]
Shafer SL, The pharmacology of anesthetic drugs in elderly patients. Anesthesiology clinics of North America. 2000 Mar;
[PubMed PMID: 10934997]
[30]
Kaiser MJ,Bauer JM,Rämsch C,Uter W,Guigoz Y,Cederholm T,Thomas DR,Anthony PS,Charlton KE,Maggio M,Tsai AC,Vellas B,Sieber CC,Mini Nutritional Assessment International Group., Frequency of malnutrition in older adults: a multinational perspective using the mini nutritional assessment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2010 Sep;
[PubMed PMID: 20863332]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[32]
Finfer S,Heritier S,NICE Study Management Committee and SUGAR Study Executive Committee., The NICE-SUGAR (Normoglycaemia in Intensive Care Evaluation and Survival Using Glucose Algorithm Regulation) Study: statistical analysis plan. Critical care and resuscitation : journal of the Australasian Academy of Critical Care Medicine. 2009 Mar;
[PubMed PMID: 19281445]
[33]
Horowitz M,Wishart JM,Jones KL,Hebbard GS, Gastric emptying in diabetes: an overview. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association. 1996 Sep;
[PubMed PMID: 8894465]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[35]
Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters.,Apfelbaum JL,Connis RT,Nickinovich DG,American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preanesthesia Evaluation.,Pasternak LR,Arens JF,Caplan RA,Connis RT,Fleisher LA,Flowerdew R,Gold BS,Mayhew JF,Nickinovich DG,Rice LJ,Roizen MF,Twersky RS, Practice advisory for preanesthesia evaluation: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preanesthesia Evaluation. Anesthesiology. 2012 Mar;
[PubMed PMID: 22273990]
[36]
Ehlenbach CC,Tevis SE,Kennedy GD,Oltmann SC, Preoperative impairment is associated with a higher postdischarge level of care. The Journal of surgical research. 2015 Jan;
[PubMed PMID: 25167781]
[37]
Culley DJ,Flaherty D,Reddy S,Fahey MC,Rudolph J,Huang CC,Liu X,Xie Z,Bader AM,Hyman BT,Blacker D,Crosby G, Preoperative Cognitive Stratification of Older Elective Surgical Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2016 Jul;
[PubMed PMID: 27028776]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidence
[38]
Lin JS,O'Connor E,Rossom RC,Perdue LA,Eckstrom E, Screening for cognitive impairment in older adults: A systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of internal medicine. 2013 Nov 5;
[PubMed PMID: 24145578]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[39]
Partridge JS,Harari D,Martin FC,Dhesi JK, The impact of pre-operative comprehensive geriatric assessment on postoperative outcomes in older patients undergoing scheduled surgery: a systematic review. Anaesthesia. 2014 Jan;
[PubMed PMID: 24303856]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[40]
Mohanty S,Rosenthal RA,Russell MM,Neuman MD,Ko CY,Esnaola NF, Optimal Perioperative Management of the Geriatric Patient: A Best Practices Guideline from the American College of Surgeons NSQIP and the American Geriatrics Society. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2016 May;
[PubMed PMID: 27049783]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidence
[41]
Makary MA,Segev DL,Pronovost PJ,Syin D,Bandeen-Roche K,Patel P,Takenaga R,Devgan L,Holzmueller CG,Tian J,Fried LP, Frailty as a predictor of surgical outcomes in older patients. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2010 Jun;
[PubMed PMID: 20510798]
[42]
Hall DE,Arya S,Schmid KK,Carlson MA,Lavedan P,Bailey TL,Purviance G,Bockman T,Lynch TG,Johanning JM, Association of a Frailty Screening Initiative With Postoperative Survival at 30, 180, and 365 Days. JAMA surgery. 2017 Mar 1;
[PubMed PMID: 27902826]
[43]
Nidadavolu LS,Ehrlich AL,Sieber FE,Oh ES, Preoperative Evaluation of the Frail Patient. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2020 Jun;
[PubMed PMID: 32384339]
[44]
Schein OD,Katz J,Bass EB,Tielsch JM,Lubomski LH,Feldman MA,Petty BG,Steinberg EP, The value of routine preoperative medical testing before cataract surgery. Study of Medical Testing for Cataract Surgery. The New England journal of medicine. 2000 Jan 20;
[PubMed PMID: 10639542]
[45]
Chung F,Yuan H,Yin L,Vairavanathan S,Wong DT, Elimination of preoperative testing in ambulatory surgery. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2009 Feb;
[PubMed PMID: 19151274]
[46]
Yonekura H,Ide K,Onishi Y,Nahara I,Takeda C,Kawakami K, Preoperative Echocardiography for Patients With Hip Fractures Undergoing Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using a Nationwide Database. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2019 Feb;
[PubMed PMID: 30379676]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidence
[47]
Radtke FM,Franck M,Lendner J,Krüger S,Wernecke KD,Spies CD, Monitoring depth of anaesthesia in a randomized trial decreases the rate of postoperative delirium but not postoperative cognitive dysfunction. British journal of anaesthesia. 2013 Jun;
[PubMed PMID: 23539235]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[48]
Pandya AN, Majid SZ, Desai MS. The Origins, Evolution, and Spread of Anesthesia Monitoring Standards: From Boston to Across the World. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2021 Mar 1:132(3):890-898. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005021. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 32665466]
[50]
Adedeji R,Oragui E,Khan W,Maruthainar N, The importance of correct patient positioning in theatres and implications of mal-positioning. Journal of perioperative practice. 2010 Apr;
[PubMed PMID: 20446625]
[51]
Kirkbride DA,Parker JL,Williams GD,Buggy DJ, Induction of anesthesia in the elderly ambulatory patient: a double-blinded comparison of propofol and sevoflurane. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2001 Nov;
[PubMed PMID: 11682393]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[52]
Eger EI 2nd, Age, minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration, and minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration-awake. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2001 Oct;
[PubMed PMID: 11574362]
[53]
Hausman MS Jr,Jewell ES,Engoren M, Regional versus general anesthesia in surgical patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: does avoiding general anesthesia reduce the risk of postoperative complications? Anesthesia and analgesia. 2015 Jun;
[PubMed PMID: 25526396]
[54]
van Lier F,van der Geest PJ,Hoeks SE,van Gestel YR,Hol JW,Sin DD,Stolker RJ,Poldermans D, Epidural analgesia is associated with improved health outcomes of surgical patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Anesthesiology. 2011 Aug;
[PubMed PMID: 21796055]
[55]
Guay J,Choi P,Suresh S,Albert N,Kopp S,Pace NL, Neuraxial blockade for the prevention of postoperative mortality and major morbidity: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2014 Jan 25;
[PubMed PMID: 24464831]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[56]
Neuman MD,Silber JH,Elkassabany NM,Ludwig JM,Fleisher LA, Comparative effectiveness of regional versus general anesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults. Anesthesiology. 2012 Jul;
[PubMed PMID: 22713634]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidence
[57]
Kim DK, Nonoperating room anaesthesia for elderly patients. Current opinion in anaesthesiology. 2020 Aug;
[PubMed PMID: 32618686]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[58]
Schnider TW,Minto CF,Shafer SL,Gambus PL,Andresen C,Goodale DB,Youngs EJ, The influence of age on propofol pharmacodynamics. Anesthesiology. 1999 Jun;
[PubMed PMID: 10360845]
[60]
Swart LM,van der Zanden V,Spies PE,de Rooij SE,van Munster BC, The Comparative Risk of Delirium with Different Opioids: A Systematic Review. Drugs
[PubMed PMID: 28405945]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidence
[61]
Gupta DK,Avram MJ, Rational opioid dosing in the elderly: dose and dosing interval when initiating opioid therapy. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2012 Feb;
[PubMed PMID: 22205194]
[62]
Cepeda MS,Farrar JT,Baumgarten M,Boston R,Carr DB,Strom BL, Side effects of opioids during short-term administration: effect of age, gender, and race. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2003 Aug;
[PubMed PMID: 12891220]
[63]
Bjerring C,Vested M,Arleth T,Eriksen K,Albrechtsen C,Rasmussen LS, Onset time and duration of action of rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg in patients above 80 years of age: A comparison with young adults. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2020 Sep;
[PubMed PMID: 32462665]
[64]
McDonagh DL,Benedict PE,Kovac AL,Drover DR,Brister NW,Morte JB,Monk TG, Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of sugammadex for the reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in elderly patients. Anesthesiology. 2011 Feb;
[PubMed PMID: 21239968]
[65]
Cedborg AI,Sundman E,Bodén K,Hedström HW,Kuylenstierna R,Ekberg O,Eriksson LI, Pharyngeal function and breathing pattern during partial neuromuscular block in the elderly: effects on airway protection. Anesthesiology. 2014 Feb;
[PubMed PMID: 24162461]
[66]
Murphy GS,Szokol JW,Avram MJ,Greenberg SB,Shear TD,Vender JS,Parikh KN,Patel SS,Patel A, Residual Neuromuscular Block in the Elderly: Incidence and Clinical Implications. Anesthesiology. 2015 Dec;
[PubMed PMID: 26448469]
[67]
Grocott MP,Mythen MG,Gan TJ, Perioperative fluid management and clinical outcomes in adults. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2005 Apr;
[PubMed PMID: 15781528]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidence
[68]
Blumenthal JA,Lett HS,Babyak MA,White W,Smith PK,Mark DB,Jones R,Mathew JP,Newman MF,NORG Investigators., Depression as a risk factor for mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. Lancet (London, England). 2003 Aug 23;
[PubMed PMID: 12944059]
[69]
Dworkin A,Lee DS,An AR,Goodlin SJ, A Simple Tool to Predict Development of Delirium After Elective Surgery. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2016 Nov;
[PubMed PMID: 27650453]
[70]
Robinson TN,Raeburn CD,Tran ZV,Angles EM,Brenner LA,Moss M, Postoperative delirium in the elderly: risk factors and outcomes. Annals of surgery. 2009 Jan;
[PubMed PMID: 19106695]
[71]
Berger M,Schenning KJ,Brown CH 4th,Deiner SG,Whittington RA,Eckenhoff RG,Angst MS,Avramescu S,Bekker A,Brzezinski M,Crosby G,Culley DJ,Eckenhoff M,Eriksson LI,Evered L,Ibinson J,Kline RP,Kofke A,Ma D,Mathew JP,Maze M,Orser BA,Price CC,Scott DA,Silbert B,Su D,Terrando N,Wang DS,Wei H,Xie Z,Zuo Z,Perioperative Neurotoxicity Working Group., Best Practices for Postoperative Brain Health: Recommendations From the Fifth International Perioperative Neurotoxicity Working Group. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2018 Dec;
[PubMed PMID: 30303868]
[72]
Hamel MB,Henderson WG,Khuri SF,Daley J, Surgical outcomes for patients aged 80 and older: morbidity and mortality from major noncardiac surgery. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2005 Mar;
[PubMed PMID: 15743284]
[73]
Fleisher LA,Pasternak LR,Herbert R,Anderson GF, Inpatient hospital admission and death after outpatient surgery in elderly patients: importance of patient and system characteristics and location of care. Archives of surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2004 Jan;
[PubMed PMID: 14718279]
[74]
Hosking MP,Warner MA,Lobdell CM,Offord KP,Melton LJ 3rd, Outcomes of surgery in patients 90 years of age and older. JAMA. 1989 Apr 7;
[PubMed PMID: 2926926]
[76]
Chen DX,Yang L,Ding L,Li SY,Qi YN,Li Q, Perioperative outcomes in geriatric patients undergoing hip fracture surgery with different anesthesia techniques: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2019 Dec;
[PubMed PMID: 31804347]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidence
[77]
Silva AR,Regueira P,Albuquerque E,Baldeiras I,Cardoso AL,Santana I,Cerejeira J, Estimates of Geriatric Delirium Frequency in Noncardiac Surgeries and Its Evaluation Across the Years: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2021 Mar;
[PubMed PMID: 33011097]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence