[1]
Goral V, Yılmaz N. Current Approaches to the Treatment of Gastric Varices: Glue, Coil Application, TIPS, and BRTO. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania). 2019 Jul 3:55(7):. doi: 10.3390/medicina55070335. Epub 2019 Jul 3
[PubMed PMID: 31277322]
[2]
Garcia-Tsao G, Abraldes JG, Berzigotti A, Bosch J. Portal hypertensive bleeding in cirrhosis: Risk stratification, diagnosis, and management: 2016 practice guidance by the American Association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2017 Jan:65(1):310-335. doi: 10.1002/hep.28906. Epub 2016 Dec 1
[PubMed PMID: 27786365]
[3]
Lee EW, Shahrouki P, Alanis L, Ding P, Kee ST. Management Options for Gastric Variceal Hemorrhage. JAMA surgery. 2019 Jun 1:154(6):540-548. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2019.0407. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 30942880]
[4]
Sarin SK, Lahoti D, Saxena SP, Murthy NS, Makwana UK. Prevalence, classification and natural history of gastric varices: a long-term follow-up study in 568 portal hypertension patients. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1992 Dec:16(6):1343-9
[PubMed PMID: 1446890]
[5]
Caldwell S. Gastric varices: is there a role for endoscopic cyanoacrylates, or are we entering the BRTO era? The American journal of gastroenterology. 2012 Dec:107(12):1784-90. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2012.160. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 23211846]
[6]
Mumtaz K, Majid S, Shah H, Hameed K, Ahmed A, Hamid S, Jafri W. Prevalence of gastric varices and results of sclerotherapy with N-butyl 2 cyanoacrylate for controlling acute gastric variceal bleeding. World journal of gastroenterology. 2007 Feb 28:13(8):1247-51
[PubMed PMID: 17451208]
[7]
Sarin SK, Kumar A. Gastric varices: profile, classification, and management. The American journal of gastroenterology. 1989 Oct:84(10):1244-9
[PubMed PMID: 2679046]
[8]
Ryan BM, Stockbrugger RW, Ryan JM. A pathophysiologic, gastroenterologic, and radiologic approach to the management of gastric varices. Gastroenterology. 2004 Apr:126(4):1175-89
[PubMed PMID: 15057756]
[9]
Boustière C, Dumas O, Jouffre C, Letard JC, Patouillard B, Etaix JP, Barthélémy C, Audigier JC. Endoscopic ultrasonography classification of gastric varices in patients with cirrhosis. Comparison with endoscopic findings. Journal of hepatology. 1993 Sep:19(2):268-72
[PubMed PMID: 8301060]
[10]
Groszmann RJ, Abraldes JG. Portal hypertension: from bedside to bench. Journal of clinical gastroenterology. 2005 Apr:39(4 Suppl 2):S125-30
[PubMed PMID: 15758647]
[11]
Bosch J, Abraldes JG, Berzigotti A, García-Pagan JC. The clinical use of HVPG measurements in chronic liver disease. Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology. 2009 Oct:6(10):573-82. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2009.149. Epub 2009 Sep 1
[PubMed PMID: 19724251]
[12]
Iwakiri Y, Groszmann RJ. Vascular endothelial dysfunction in cirrhosis. Journal of hepatology. 2007 May:46(5):927-34
[PubMed PMID: 17391799]
[13]
Bosch J, Abraldes JG, Fernández M, García-Pagán JC. Hepatic endothelial dysfunction and abnormal angiogenesis: new targets in the treatment of portal hypertension. Journal of hepatology. 2010 Sep:53(3):558-67. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.03.021. Epub 2010 Jun 1
[PubMed PMID: 20561700]
[14]
Watanabe K, Kimura K, Matsutani S, Ohto M, Okuda K. Portal hemodynamics in patients with gastric varices. A study in 230 patients with esophageal and/or gastric varices using portal vein catheterization. Gastroenterology. 1988 Aug:95(2):434-40
[PubMed PMID: 3391371]
[15]
Matsumoto A, Hamamoto N, Nomura T, Hongou Y, Arisaka Y, Morikawa H, Hirata I, Katsu K. Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration of high risk gastric fundal varices. The American journal of gastroenterology. 1999 Mar:94(3):643-9
[PubMed PMID: 10086645]
[16]
Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J. Management of varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. The New England journal of medicine. 2010 Mar 4:362(9):823-32. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0901512. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 20200386]
[17]
Kovacs TOG, Jensen DM. Varices: Esophageal, Gastric, and Rectal. Clinics in liver disease. 2019 Nov:23(4):625-642. doi: 10.1016/j.cld.2019.07.005. Epub 2019 Aug 30
[PubMed PMID: 31563215]
[18]
Moitinho E, Escorsell A, Bandi JC, Salmerón JM, García-Pagán JC, Rodés J, Bosch J. Prognostic value of early measurements of portal pressure in acute variceal bleeding. Gastroenterology. 1999 Sep:117(3):626-31
[PubMed PMID: 10464138]
[19]
Hashizume M, Kitano S, Yamaga H, Koyanagi N, Sugimachi K. Endoscopic classification of gastric varices. Gastrointestinal endoscopy. 1990 May-Jun:36(3):276-80
[PubMed PMID: 2365213]
[20]
Kim T, Shijo H, Kokawa H, Tokumitsu H, Kubara K, Ota K, Akiyoshi N, Iida T, Yokoyama M, Okumura M. Risk factors for hemorrhage from gastric fundal varices. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1997 Feb:25(2):307-12
[PubMed PMID: 9021939]
[21]
Evans GR, Yellin AE, Weaver FA, Stain SC. Sinistral (left-sided) portal hypertension. The American surgeon. 1990 Dec:56(12):758-63
[PubMed PMID: 2268102]
[22]
Weber SM, Rikkers LF. Splenic vein thrombosis and gastrointestinal bleeding in chronic pancreatitis. World journal of surgery. 2003 Nov:27(11):1271-4
[PubMed PMID: 14502405]
[23]
Garcia-Pagán JC, Barrufet M, Cardenas A, Escorsell A. Management of gastric varices. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2014 Jun:12(6):919-28.e1; quiz e51-2. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.07.015. Epub 2013 Jul 27
[PubMed PMID: 23899955]
[24]
Irani S, Kowdley K, Kozarek R. Gastric varices: an updated review of management. Journal of clinical gastroenterology. 2011 Feb:45(2):133-48. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181fbe249. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 21135706]
[25]
ASGE Technology Committee, Bhat YM, Banerjee S, Barth BA, Chauhan SS, Gottlieb KT, Konda V, Maple JT, Murad FM, Pfau PR, Pleskow DK, Siddiqui UD, Tokar JL, Wang A, Rodriguez SA. Tissue adhesives: cyanoacrylate glue and fibrin sealant. Gastrointestinal endoscopy. 2013 Aug:78(2):209-15. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2013.04.166. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 23867370]
[26]
Hwang JH, Shergill AK, Acosta RD, Chandrasekhara V, Chathadi KV, Decker GA, Early DS, Evans JA, Fanelli RD, Fisher DA, Foley KQ, Fonkalsrud L, Jue T, Khashab MA, Lightdale JR, Muthusamy VR, Pasha SF, Saltzman JR, Sharaf R, Cash BD, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. The role of endoscopy in the management of variceal hemorrhage. Gastrointestinal endoscopy. 2014 Aug:80(2):221-7. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2013.07.023. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 25034836]
[27]
Qiao W, Ren Y, Bai Y, Liu S, Zhang Q, Zhi F. Cyanoacrylate Injection Versus Band Ligation in the Endoscopic Management of Acute Gastric Variceal Bleeding: Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Studies Based on the PRISMA Statement. Medicine. 2015 Oct:94(41):e1725. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000001725. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 26469912]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidence
[28]
McCarty TR, Bazarbashi AN, Hathorn KE, Thompson CC, Ryou M. Combination therapy versus monotherapy for EUS-guided management of gastric varices: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Endoscopic ultrasound. 2020 Jan-Feb:9(1):6-15. doi: 10.4103/eus.eus_37_19. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 31417066]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[29]
Lo GH, Liang HL, Chen WC, Chen MH, Lai KH, Hsu PI, Lin CK, Chan HH, Pan HB. A prospective, randomized controlled trial of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus cyanoacrylate injection in the prevention of gastric variceal rebleeding. Endoscopy. 2007 Aug:39(8):679-85
[PubMed PMID: 17661241]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[30]
Park JK, Saab S, Kee ST, Busuttil RW, Kim HJ, Durazo F, Cho SK, Lee EW. Balloon-Occluded Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration (BRTO) for Treatment of Gastric Varices: Review and Meta-Analysis. Digestive diseases and sciences. 2015 Jun:60(6):1543-53. doi: 10.1007/s10620-014-3485-8. Epub 2014 Dec 18
[PubMed PMID: 25519690]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[31]
Gimm G, Chang Y, Kim HC, Shin A, Cho EJ, Lee JH, Yu SJ, Yoon JH, Kim YJ. Balloon-Occluded Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration versus Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt for the Management of Gastric Variceal Bleeding. Gut and liver. 2018 Nov 15:12(6):704-713. doi: 10.5009/gnl17515. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 29938456]
[32]
Lee SJ, Kim SU, Kim MD, Kim YH, Kim GM, Park SI, Won JY, Lee DY, Lee KH. Comparison of treatment outcomes between balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for gastric variceal bleeding hemostasis. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology. 2017 Aug:32(8):1487-1494. doi: 10.1111/jgh.13729. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 28085232]